NEW PATHO NSG 3280 EXAM 1 WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS 100% VERIFIED 2026-2027!!
What does etiology mean? - ANSWER The cause or origin of a disease.
What does idiopathic mean? - ANSWER A disease with no known cause.
What does iatrogenic mean? - ANSWER A condition caused by medical treatment
or intervention.
What are risk factors? - ANSWER Conditions or behaviors that increase the
likelihood of disease.
What is the prodromal stage of disease? - ANSWER Early stage with vague,
nonspecific symptoms.
What are clinical manifestations? - ANSWER The signs and symptoms of a
disease.
What does convalescence mean? - ANSWER The recovery phase after illness or
injury.
Why are older adults more vulnerable to stress? - ANSWER Decreased organ
reserve, weaker immune response, and slower recovery.
How does stress affect the elderly differently than younger adults? - ANSWER
Stress is harder to compensate for and increases risk of illness and
complications.
What is the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)? - ANSWER The body's three-
stage response to stress: alarm, resistance, exhaustion.
What happens during the alarm stage of stress? - ANSWER Fight-or-flight
response; epinephrine and cortisol released; ↑ HR, BP, glucose.
What happens during the resistance stage of stress? - ANSWER Body adapts to
stress while cortisol remains elevated.
What happens during the exhaustion stage of stress? - ANSWER Body resources
are depleted, leading to illness or organ failure.
What is ischemia? - ANSWER Decreased blood flow to tissues.
, What is hypoxia? - ANSWER Decreased oxygen delivery to tissues.
What are the cellular consequences of ischemia and hypoxia? - ANSWER ↓ ATP,
lactic acid buildup, cell swelling, and possible cell death.
What is primary prevention? - ANSWER Preventing disease before it occurs
(vaccines, lifestyle changes).
What is secondary prevention? - ANSWER Early detection and treatment
(screenings).
What is tertiary prevention? - ANSWER Reducing complications and improving
quality of life (rehab, chronic care).
What is necrosis? - ANSWER Uncontrolled cell death causing inflammation and
tissue damage.
What are common signs of necrosis? - ANSWER Cell swelling, membrane
rupture, and inflammation.
What is hydropic swelling? - ANSWER Cell swelling due to sodium and water
accumulation from ATP depletion.
What is intracellular accumulation? - ANSWER Buildup of substances like fat or
protein inside the cell.
What is coagulative necrosis? - ANSWER Protein denaturation causing
irreversible cell death (common in heart and kidneys).
What is atrophy? - ANSWER Decrease in cell size due to decreased use or aging.
What is hypertrophy? - ANSWER Increase in cell size due to increased workload.
What is hyperplasia? - ANSWER Increase in the number of cells due to hormonal
or growth signals.
What is metaplasia? - ANSWER Replacement of one mature cell type with another
(e.g., smoking).
What is dysplasia? - ANSWER Abnormal cell growth that may be precancerous.
What can occur if cellular adaptation persists too long? - ANSWER Irreversible
injury or cancer.
SOLUTIONS 100% VERIFIED 2026-2027!!
What does etiology mean? - ANSWER The cause or origin of a disease.
What does idiopathic mean? - ANSWER A disease with no known cause.
What does iatrogenic mean? - ANSWER A condition caused by medical treatment
or intervention.
What are risk factors? - ANSWER Conditions or behaviors that increase the
likelihood of disease.
What is the prodromal stage of disease? - ANSWER Early stage with vague,
nonspecific symptoms.
What are clinical manifestations? - ANSWER The signs and symptoms of a
disease.
What does convalescence mean? - ANSWER The recovery phase after illness or
injury.
Why are older adults more vulnerable to stress? - ANSWER Decreased organ
reserve, weaker immune response, and slower recovery.
How does stress affect the elderly differently than younger adults? - ANSWER
Stress is harder to compensate for and increases risk of illness and
complications.
What is the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)? - ANSWER The body's three-
stage response to stress: alarm, resistance, exhaustion.
What happens during the alarm stage of stress? - ANSWER Fight-or-flight
response; epinephrine and cortisol released; ↑ HR, BP, glucose.
What happens during the resistance stage of stress? - ANSWER Body adapts to
stress while cortisol remains elevated.
What happens during the exhaustion stage of stress? - ANSWER Body resources
are depleted, leading to illness or organ failure.
What is ischemia? - ANSWER Decreased blood flow to tissues.
, What is hypoxia? - ANSWER Decreased oxygen delivery to tissues.
What are the cellular consequences of ischemia and hypoxia? - ANSWER ↓ ATP,
lactic acid buildup, cell swelling, and possible cell death.
What is primary prevention? - ANSWER Preventing disease before it occurs
(vaccines, lifestyle changes).
What is secondary prevention? - ANSWER Early detection and treatment
(screenings).
What is tertiary prevention? - ANSWER Reducing complications and improving
quality of life (rehab, chronic care).
What is necrosis? - ANSWER Uncontrolled cell death causing inflammation and
tissue damage.
What are common signs of necrosis? - ANSWER Cell swelling, membrane
rupture, and inflammation.
What is hydropic swelling? - ANSWER Cell swelling due to sodium and water
accumulation from ATP depletion.
What is intracellular accumulation? - ANSWER Buildup of substances like fat or
protein inside the cell.
What is coagulative necrosis? - ANSWER Protein denaturation causing
irreversible cell death (common in heart and kidneys).
What is atrophy? - ANSWER Decrease in cell size due to decreased use or aging.
What is hypertrophy? - ANSWER Increase in cell size due to increased workload.
What is hyperplasia? - ANSWER Increase in the number of cells due to hormonal
or growth signals.
What is metaplasia? - ANSWER Replacement of one mature cell type with another
(e.g., smoking).
What is dysplasia? - ANSWER Abnormal cell growth that may be precancerous.
What can occur if cellular adaptation persists too long? - ANSWER Irreversible
injury or cancer.
