NSG 3280 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1 REVIEW UNITS 1 & 2 WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS 100% VERIFIED 2026-2027!!
Etiology - ANSWER The study of the causes or reasons for a disease.
Idiopathic - ANSWER A condition with an unknown cause.
Iatrogenic - ANSWER A condition caused by unwanted or unintended medical
treatment.
Risk factor - ANSWER A characteristic or condition that increases the probability
of developing a disease.
Pathogenesis - ANSWER The development of a disease from the initial stimulus
to its full expression.
Latent period - ANSWER The time between exposure to an injurious agent and
the first signs and symptoms of a disease.
Incubation period - ANSWER The time between exposure to a pathogen and the
first signs and symptoms of an infection.
Prodromal period - ANSWER The time when the first signs and symptoms of a
disease appear, often nonspecific.
Acute phase - ANSWER The stage of a disease when it reaches full intensity.
Silent period - ANSWER An interval in a disease when signs and symptoms
become mild or may disappear.
Subclinical stage - ANSWER A stage where the disease process is established,
but the patient may function normally.
Sequela - ANSWER A secondary condition that results from a disease.
Exacerbation - ANSWER An acute increase in the severity of a disease.
Remission - ANSWER A decline in the severity of a disease.
Convalescence - ANSWER The recovery period after a disease.
Epidemiology - ANSWER The study of how diseases affect the health and illness
of populations.
Endemic - ANSWER A disease that is native to a local region.
,Epidemic - ANSWER A disease that affects or spreads to many individuals at the
same time.
Pandemic - ANSWER A disease that affects a large geographic area, often
worldwide.
Primary prevention - ANSWER Strategies aimed at altering susceptibility or
decreasing exposure for susceptible individuals.
Secondary prevention - ANSWER Early detection and screening for diseases.
Tertiary prevention - ANSWER Rehabilitative care aimed at decreasing disability
and increasing function.
Homeostasis - ANSWER The process of maintaining stability in the body's
internal environment.
Allostasis - ANSWER The process of achieving stability through change in
response to challenges.
Stages of General Adaptation - ANSWER The three stages the body goes through
in response to stress: Alarm, Resistance, and Exhaustion.
Catecholamine Release - ANSWER The release of hormones such as epinephrine
and norepinephrine in response to stress.
Epinephrine effects - ANSWER Increases heart contractility, heart rate,
bronchodilation, glycogenolysis, and decreases insulin secretion.
Norepinephrine effects - ANSWER Causes blood vessel constriction, decreases
gastrointestinal secretion, decreases insulin secretion, and dilates pupils.
Cortisol effects - ANSWER Increases breakdown of tissues into amino acids,
gluconeogenesis, and mobilizes immune cells while decreasing acute immune
response.
Aldosterone effects - ANSWER Promotes retention of sodium and water, and
causes vasoconstriction.
Endorphins & Enkephalins - ANSWER Endogenous opioids released due to
stress, exercise, or laughter that can alleviate pain.
What is hydropic swelling? - ANSWER Hydropic swelling is the accumulation of
water in cells due to malfunction of the Na+/K+ pump, often resulting from
decreased ATP levels, leading to cell enlargement.
, What is intracellular accumulation? - ANSWER Intracellular accumulation refers
to the buildup of substances within cells that can occupy space, provoke immune
responses, or cause toxicity, often due to excessive normal substances,
abnormal metabolism, or particles that cannot be broken down.
What is atrophy? - ANSWER Atrophy is the reduction in cell size and functional
capacity, usually due to decreased energy and nutrient consumption, often
caused by disuse, denervation, or ischemia.
What is hypertrophy? - ANSWER Hypertrophy is the increase in cell mass and
functional capacity, typically resulting from increased demands on the cell, such
as repeated exercise or hormonal stimulation.
What is hyperplasia? - ANSWER Hyperplasia is the increase in the number of
cells in a tissue or organ, often due to increased demands, hormonal changes, or
persistent injury.
What is metaplasia? - ANSWER Metaplasia is the replacement of one type of cell
with another type, often as an adaptive response to persistent injury.
What is dysplasia? - ANSWER Dysplasia is the abnormal development or growth
of cells, often characterized by disorganization in size and shape, usually due to
an incorrect adaptive response.
What is apoptosis? - ANSWER Apoptosis is programmed cell death that occurs in
a regulated manner, where cells that are no longer needed are ingested by
neighboring cells without causing inflammation.
What is necrosis? - ANSWER Necrosis is the uncontrolled death of cells due to
factors like ischemia or toxicity, leading to cell rupture and inflammation.
What are the types of necrosis? - ANSWER The types of necrosis include
coagulative, liquefactive, fat, caseous, and gangrene, each characterized by
different mechanisms and tissue appearances.
What is ischemia? - ANSWER Ischemia is a condition characterized by reduced
blood flow to tissues, leading to a lack of oxygen and accumulation of metabolic
waste, which can cause cell injury.
What is reperfusion injury? - ANSWER Reperfusion injury occurs when blood
supply returns to tissue after a period of ischemia, potentially causing further
damage due to calcium overload, free radical formation, and inflammation.
What is nutritional injury? - ANSWER Nutritional injury refers to cell damage
caused by deficiencies or excesses of essential nutrients.
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS 100% VERIFIED 2026-2027!!
Etiology - ANSWER The study of the causes or reasons for a disease.
Idiopathic - ANSWER A condition with an unknown cause.
Iatrogenic - ANSWER A condition caused by unwanted or unintended medical
treatment.
Risk factor - ANSWER A characteristic or condition that increases the probability
of developing a disease.
Pathogenesis - ANSWER The development of a disease from the initial stimulus
to its full expression.
Latent period - ANSWER The time between exposure to an injurious agent and
the first signs and symptoms of a disease.
Incubation period - ANSWER The time between exposure to a pathogen and the
first signs and symptoms of an infection.
Prodromal period - ANSWER The time when the first signs and symptoms of a
disease appear, often nonspecific.
Acute phase - ANSWER The stage of a disease when it reaches full intensity.
Silent period - ANSWER An interval in a disease when signs and symptoms
become mild or may disappear.
Subclinical stage - ANSWER A stage where the disease process is established,
but the patient may function normally.
Sequela - ANSWER A secondary condition that results from a disease.
Exacerbation - ANSWER An acute increase in the severity of a disease.
Remission - ANSWER A decline in the severity of a disease.
Convalescence - ANSWER The recovery period after a disease.
Epidemiology - ANSWER The study of how diseases affect the health and illness
of populations.
Endemic - ANSWER A disease that is native to a local region.
,Epidemic - ANSWER A disease that affects or spreads to many individuals at the
same time.
Pandemic - ANSWER A disease that affects a large geographic area, often
worldwide.
Primary prevention - ANSWER Strategies aimed at altering susceptibility or
decreasing exposure for susceptible individuals.
Secondary prevention - ANSWER Early detection and screening for diseases.
Tertiary prevention - ANSWER Rehabilitative care aimed at decreasing disability
and increasing function.
Homeostasis - ANSWER The process of maintaining stability in the body's
internal environment.
Allostasis - ANSWER The process of achieving stability through change in
response to challenges.
Stages of General Adaptation - ANSWER The three stages the body goes through
in response to stress: Alarm, Resistance, and Exhaustion.
Catecholamine Release - ANSWER The release of hormones such as epinephrine
and norepinephrine in response to stress.
Epinephrine effects - ANSWER Increases heart contractility, heart rate,
bronchodilation, glycogenolysis, and decreases insulin secretion.
Norepinephrine effects - ANSWER Causes blood vessel constriction, decreases
gastrointestinal secretion, decreases insulin secretion, and dilates pupils.
Cortisol effects - ANSWER Increases breakdown of tissues into amino acids,
gluconeogenesis, and mobilizes immune cells while decreasing acute immune
response.
Aldosterone effects - ANSWER Promotes retention of sodium and water, and
causes vasoconstriction.
Endorphins & Enkephalins - ANSWER Endogenous opioids released due to
stress, exercise, or laughter that can alleviate pain.
What is hydropic swelling? - ANSWER Hydropic swelling is the accumulation of
water in cells due to malfunction of the Na+/K+ pump, often resulting from
decreased ATP levels, leading to cell enlargement.
, What is intracellular accumulation? - ANSWER Intracellular accumulation refers
to the buildup of substances within cells that can occupy space, provoke immune
responses, or cause toxicity, often due to excessive normal substances,
abnormal metabolism, or particles that cannot be broken down.
What is atrophy? - ANSWER Atrophy is the reduction in cell size and functional
capacity, usually due to decreased energy and nutrient consumption, often
caused by disuse, denervation, or ischemia.
What is hypertrophy? - ANSWER Hypertrophy is the increase in cell mass and
functional capacity, typically resulting from increased demands on the cell, such
as repeated exercise or hormonal stimulation.
What is hyperplasia? - ANSWER Hyperplasia is the increase in the number of
cells in a tissue or organ, often due to increased demands, hormonal changes, or
persistent injury.
What is metaplasia? - ANSWER Metaplasia is the replacement of one type of cell
with another type, often as an adaptive response to persistent injury.
What is dysplasia? - ANSWER Dysplasia is the abnormal development or growth
of cells, often characterized by disorganization in size and shape, usually due to
an incorrect adaptive response.
What is apoptosis? - ANSWER Apoptosis is programmed cell death that occurs in
a regulated manner, where cells that are no longer needed are ingested by
neighboring cells without causing inflammation.
What is necrosis? - ANSWER Necrosis is the uncontrolled death of cells due to
factors like ischemia or toxicity, leading to cell rupture and inflammation.
What are the types of necrosis? - ANSWER The types of necrosis include
coagulative, liquefactive, fat, caseous, and gangrene, each characterized by
different mechanisms and tissue appearances.
What is ischemia? - ANSWER Ischemia is a condition characterized by reduced
blood flow to tissues, leading to a lack of oxygen and accumulation of metabolic
waste, which can cause cell injury.
What is reperfusion injury? - ANSWER Reperfusion injury occurs when blood
supply returns to tissue after a period of ischemia, potentially causing further
damage due to calcium overload, free radical formation, and inflammation.
What is nutritional injury? - ANSWER Nutritional injury refers to cell damage
caused by deficiencies or excesses of essential nutrients.
