PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; WGU D236 EXAM
REVIEW QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
RAAS system - ANSWER -Renin-Angiotension-Aldosterone System
Complex mulit-organ endocrine (hormone) system regulating blood pressure by
balancing fluids and electrolytes levels
Electrolytes - ANSWER -minerals that help maintain the body's fluid balance
Sodium (Na+)
Potassium (K+)
Phosphorus (PO4-)
Calcium (Ca+)
arterial blood gases (ABGs) - ANSWER -Blood pH: 7.35 to 7.45
PCO2: 35 to 45 mm Hg
PO2: 90 to 100 mm Hg
HCO3-: 22 to 26 mEq/L
SaO2 (saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen): 95% to 100%
Buffer - ANSWER -A solution that minimizes changes in pH when extraneous acids or
bases are added to the solution.
ex.
proteins, phosphates, and carbonic acid-bicarbonate system
infection - ANSWER -Contamination or invasion of body tissue by pathogenic
organisms
innate immune system - ANSWER -a collection of nonspecific barriers and cellular
responses that serve as an inborn first and second line of defense against pathogens
adaptive immune system - ANSWER -Respond to specific antigens; Responds by
remembering signature molecules, called antigens, from pathogens to which the body
has previously been exposed
humoral immunity - ANSWER -B cells produce antibodies after exposure to specific
antigens; type of adaptive immunity
compliment system - ANSWER -complex series of proteins circulating in blood that work
to facilitate phagocytosis.
hypertrophy - ANSWER -excessive development
edema - ANSWER -Abnormal accumulation of fluid in interstitial spaces of tissues.
, what is an antimicrobial peptide? - ANSWER --Secreted by hemocytes; inactivate or kill
fungi and bacteria
-A chain of amino acids produced by cells in response to pathogenic exposure
physiological hypertrophy - ANSWER --the enlarged muscle is adequately perfused and
supplied with blood flow, oxygen, and nutrients because of angiogenesis
- normal, reversible
Pathological hypertrophy - ANSWER --occurs when there is an increase in cellular size
without an increase in the supportive structures necessary for the enlarged cell's
increased metabolic needs
- irreversible
metaplasia - ANSWER -Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type
atrophy - ANSWER -(n.) the wasting away of a body organ or tissue; any progressive
decline or failure; (v.) to waste away
what disorders primarily affect european jews? - ANSWER -Crohn's disease and Tay
Sachs Disease
Tay-Sachs disease - ANSWER -A human genetic disease caused by a recessive allele
that leads to the accumulation of certain lipids in the brain. Seizures, blindness, and
degeneration of motor and mental performance usually become manifest a few months
after birth.
Osteoarthritis - ANSWER -- Mechanical wear and tear
- Inflammation of bone and joints (actually degeneration of joint tissue).
- The most commonly affected joints are the knee, hip, hand, and proximal
interphalangeal and distal interphalangeal joints.
- Heberden's and Bouchard's nodes
Rheumatoid arthritis - ANSWER -- A chronic systemic disease characterized by
inflammation of the joints, stiffness, pain, and swelling that results in crippling
deformities
- Affects small joints
- Synovial inflammation leads to thickening of the tissue and can result in both joint
changes and systemic complications (lungs, heart, blood vessels)
Basal cell carcinoma - ANSWER -- Most common and least severe type of skin cancer
- flat, raised, or dome-shaped spot that is pearly or skin-colored
Squamous cell carcinoma - ANSWER -- raised, crusty, scaly patch
- sometimes ulcerated
melanoma - ANSWER -- The most serious form of skin cancer
REVIEW QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
RAAS system - ANSWER -Renin-Angiotension-Aldosterone System
Complex mulit-organ endocrine (hormone) system regulating blood pressure by
balancing fluids and electrolytes levels
Electrolytes - ANSWER -minerals that help maintain the body's fluid balance
Sodium (Na+)
Potassium (K+)
Phosphorus (PO4-)
Calcium (Ca+)
arterial blood gases (ABGs) - ANSWER -Blood pH: 7.35 to 7.45
PCO2: 35 to 45 mm Hg
PO2: 90 to 100 mm Hg
HCO3-: 22 to 26 mEq/L
SaO2 (saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen): 95% to 100%
Buffer - ANSWER -A solution that minimizes changes in pH when extraneous acids or
bases are added to the solution.
ex.
proteins, phosphates, and carbonic acid-bicarbonate system
infection - ANSWER -Contamination or invasion of body tissue by pathogenic
organisms
innate immune system - ANSWER -a collection of nonspecific barriers and cellular
responses that serve as an inborn first and second line of defense against pathogens
adaptive immune system - ANSWER -Respond to specific antigens; Responds by
remembering signature molecules, called antigens, from pathogens to which the body
has previously been exposed
humoral immunity - ANSWER -B cells produce antibodies after exposure to specific
antigens; type of adaptive immunity
compliment system - ANSWER -complex series of proteins circulating in blood that work
to facilitate phagocytosis.
hypertrophy - ANSWER -excessive development
edema - ANSWER -Abnormal accumulation of fluid in interstitial spaces of tissues.
, what is an antimicrobial peptide? - ANSWER --Secreted by hemocytes; inactivate or kill
fungi and bacteria
-A chain of amino acids produced by cells in response to pathogenic exposure
physiological hypertrophy - ANSWER --the enlarged muscle is adequately perfused and
supplied with blood flow, oxygen, and nutrients because of angiogenesis
- normal, reversible
Pathological hypertrophy - ANSWER --occurs when there is an increase in cellular size
without an increase in the supportive structures necessary for the enlarged cell's
increased metabolic needs
- irreversible
metaplasia - ANSWER -Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type
atrophy - ANSWER -(n.) the wasting away of a body organ or tissue; any progressive
decline or failure; (v.) to waste away
what disorders primarily affect european jews? - ANSWER -Crohn's disease and Tay
Sachs Disease
Tay-Sachs disease - ANSWER -A human genetic disease caused by a recessive allele
that leads to the accumulation of certain lipids in the brain. Seizures, blindness, and
degeneration of motor and mental performance usually become manifest a few months
after birth.
Osteoarthritis - ANSWER -- Mechanical wear and tear
- Inflammation of bone and joints (actually degeneration of joint tissue).
- The most commonly affected joints are the knee, hip, hand, and proximal
interphalangeal and distal interphalangeal joints.
- Heberden's and Bouchard's nodes
Rheumatoid arthritis - ANSWER -- A chronic systemic disease characterized by
inflammation of the joints, stiffness, pain, and swelling that results in crippling
deformities
- Affects small joints
- Synovial inflammation leads to thickening of the tissue and can result in both joint
changes and systemic complications (lungs, heart, blood vessels)
Basal cell carcinoma - ANSWER -- Most common and least severe type of skin cancer
- flat, raised, or dome-shaped spot that is pearly or skin-colored
Squamous cell carcinoma - ANSWER -- raised, crusty, scaly patch
- sometimes ulcerated
melanoma - ANSWER -- The most serious form of skin cancer
