The states and globalisation
Nation: A self identifying community that does not necessarily have sovereignty and isn’t
necessarily recognised by the international community.
It isn’t required for a nation to have a defined territory but they often have certain characteristics in
common such as language, history or traditions.
Links to the concept of nationalism, the strong belief in one own country
State: A political entity with sovereignty that is recognised by the international community, it
couldn’t contain more than one nation or community such as the UK.
They require borders and a permanent population as well as a functioning and effective gov
Nation state: The combination of a state and a nation - it is the primary political entity of the
modern era and in the Westphalian system
It can be described as a state that represents the political wishes of a nation, and this gains
authority and legitimacy
On going issues occur within nationhood and statehood in the modern world
E.g.) TRNC - the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
Turkey invaded and occupied half of Cyprus in 1974, thus it was declared the TRNC - The areas
exists in that being you can go visit it yet it has no official status within the international system.
Turkey is the only country in the world to recognise the TRNC yet this has several ramifications -
you can’t travel with a TRNC passport, it isn’t an will never be accepted into an international body
such as the UN or EU and it cannot participate in international events such as the Olympics.
Westphalian principle: Westphalian sovereignty, or state sovereignty, is a principle in international
law that each state has exclusive sovereignty over its territory
Globalisation: Refers to the way in which the world is becoming increasingly more connected. It
creates a complex web of interconnectedness which puts limits on the sovereign interpendence
of nation states
Types of globalisation…
- Economic globalisation
• The process through which global economies become more connected through free trade
• This idea of free trade is closely linked with neoclassical economic theory and the Washington
consensus (The political idea that neoliberal policies should be promoted. The term was first
used in 1989 by English economist John Williamson. The prescriptions encompassed free-
market policies to encourage macroeconomic stabilisation)
• Driven forward by the Bretton Woods organisation (IMF, World bank, WTO)
• FDI plays a huge part of economic globalisation - the amount of investment that a country can
attract plays a large factor in the economic prosperity of a country
Impacts:
- Nation state sneed to conform to the Washington consensus in order to attract trade and
investment
- Therefore they are incentivised to keep coorporation tax low
- SAP’s from the WB and IMF also enrage neoliberal economic principles
,- The world is closely liked when it comes to economic globalisation as seen through the suffering
of the entire world after the 2008 financial crash
Limits:
- Chain has ignore criticism that it may have devalued its currency to increase exports
Trump administration pulled out of the Trans Atlantic partnership as he felt it wasn’t benefitting
America
- Trump placed huge tariffs on steel and aluminium which triggered Canid and China to also
increase tariffs —> nation states will quickly abandon economic free market principles if it means
that it is in their economic intrest
- Political globalisation
• The way in which nation states increasingly share power
• Intergovernmental organisations such as the UN all provide opportunities for nation states to
work collaboratively to tackle key issues
• NGO’s play a big part e.g. Human right watch
• International figures also play a large part through the establishment of global agencies such as
the Clinton Foundation
• Celebrities contribute to key political debates e.g. Emma Watson and gender equality
Impacts:
The establishment of intergovernmental and non governmental organisations
E.g.) ASEAN, the UN, R2P (the UN responsibility to protect, the idea the sovereignty of a nation
state is conditional upon them not committing mass human rights abuses - if they do the
international community is justified in stopping them
E.g.) Greta Thunberg addressed the UN in 2019 - she is greatly influential
E.g.) Bezos was named the worlds 5th most influential man and he set up Blue origin to utilise
resources in space in order to ‘preserve earth’
E.g.) Greenpeace and Human rights watch play a vital role in global dialogue on pressing issues
Limits:
America and Israel and China all aren’t part of the ICC as they say that it lacks legitimacy
Treaties such as the Paris agreement all require global cooperation - something that they don’t
get!
The possession of nation; sovereignty is still of pressing importance - Russia still Annexed Crimea
from Ukraine, Chaos believes that Taiwan is part of their terror its
- Cultural globalisation
• The process by which the differences between cultures around the world become less
significant - as a result of the popularisation of certain brands and trend across the world
• Coca-colonization - sociologist Barber talks about how cultural globalisation creates a
‘McWorld’ - cultures homogenise and the amount of cultural diversity decreases - Barber calls
this a bland cultural experience
• Closely connected to materialism and americanisation - the idea that people all what the same
consumer experience, one which is an America one - the American cultural experience has
become somewhat aspirational
Impacts
Spreading of brands such as Disney, apple and Microsoft has established a global monoculture
Instagram and twitter enable celebrities to have a global audience - challenging the influence of
the BBC
,Replaces cultural diversity and replaces it with a uniform global culture based on brand cenetuerd
consumerism
Limits
Orban’s emphasis on the importance of Christianity in Hungary has allowed hum to hold on to
power
In Italy, Poland, Sweden, Germany and France, nationalist parties have held on to power by
rejecting global monoculture
Putin has rejected Western ideals - living in so called communism
Is globalisation hotly disputed ?
Hyperglobalisers Globalisation Sceptics Transformationalists
• Globalisation has led to a desire • Say that the nation state is still • Say that globalisation has
readjustment in the location of the key actor in global politics irrevocably changed the world
global power YET nation states are adapting
• Nation states are often reluctant to it and not being hollowed out
• Globalisation has led to the to sign up the supranational by it
decreasing power of nation global bodies as they have too • Highlighted in the way that
states much national sovereignty countries have become
stronger as a result of free trade
• Governments have achieved e.g. China
popularity by taking an • Cultures can adapt to
increasingly nationalist stance monoculture e.g. Bollywood -
(Boris Johnson and Brexit, derives its ideas from
Trump and protectionism) Hollywood yet is culturally very
distinct
Liberals vs Realists
- Take a positive stance on globalisation as they believe that it encourages global coorperation,
peace and understanding
- They believe that trading and investing freely with each other flattens out nation states
differences
- Frederic Bastiat ‘if goods don’t cross borders that armies will’
- By becoming part of organisation such as the WTO and the UN nations attest will put egoism
aside and learn to value the collective good
- Sceptical about globalisation - believe in the primacy of the nation state and oppose any
reduction in its sovereign power and influence
- Believe that nation states should engage in free trade only if it is in their best interest
- As the nation state is sovereign it should not allow its sovereignty to be compromised by
undemocratic regional organisations
- They oppose the rise of a global monoculture as it challenges the right of each nation state to
be unique
Does globalisation tackle the key issues in society
1. Poverty
2. Human Rights
3. Conflict
4. Environment
Poverty
, + Economic liberalism encourages more trade which encourages more greater global wealth
+ Global competition drives down prices
+ The developing world has more manufacturing opportunities
+ Economic growth of countries such as China, India, South Koreo and Turkey has been as a
result of globalisation
+ India was the world fastest growing economy in 2018-2019 - its English proficient workforce is
+ Vietnams low labour costs are attracting investment from TNCs such as Samsing
+ Africa are starting to benefit from the offshoring seen by India and China
+ Nissan in Kenya
+ 2017,e exports from developing countries increased by 12%
+ World trade is now valued at 22 trillion - a nearly 300% increase from 2005
+ Relative success of the MDGs - MDG 6 was achieved - 2.6 billion people now have access to
clean water due to improved infrastructure
- Dependency theory (Wallerstein) economic globalisation represent neocolonialism as the Global
north exploit the Global south
- This makes the developed global north dependent on cheaply manufactured goods from the
global south
- Small farmers and artisans have there livelihoods ruined by global conglomerates
- Creates a race to the bottom
- Collapse of the Rana Plaza factory in Bangladesh - cause by an inadequately built building due
to cost cutting
- The death of thousands of workers whist building stadiums for the WC in Qatar - trying to
spread global wealth yet thousands died
- Foxconn factory in Longhua which makes apple products was criticise for tough working
conditions - has suicide nets around the outside to prevent people from jumping out the
windows
- Workers get paid minimally as TNCs locate the cheapest labour costs - Shein workers get paid
3p per garment that they make in their 18 hour shift - human rights get neglected
Human rights
Humanitarian intervention: Humanitarian intervention is the use or threat of military force by a
state across borders with the intent of ending severe and widespread human rights violations in a
state which has not given permission for the use of force
+ 1993, UN high commission for HR was established (current one is Volker Turk)
+ 2005, R2P - states had a responsibility to respect their citizens human rights or other countries
would get involved - Brunei made homosexuality illegal and punishable by death by stoning -
UN high commissioners for human rights, Michelle Bachlet, and many big name celebrities such
as George Clooney and Elton John condemned this forces them to overturn their ruling
+ Safe havens in Iraq (1991) humanitarian supplies provided in safe zones by US, UK and other
partners (sanctioned by UN) in Iraq, Hussein saw this as infringing sovereignty and international
law. 13000 soldiers sent. After Gulf war, persecuted Kurds by Hussein fled Iraq to Turkey.
+ Sierra Leone (1999) ‘blood diamonds’ child soldiers, weapons trade, civil war. UK and UN
intervened with military, helped with ceasefire talks to establish peace.
+ East Timor (2000) international effort led by Australia ,backed by the UN, to address HR and
security crisis. . UN helped transition into East Timor's own government.
+ Libya (2011) civil war between Gadaffi and rebels. Troops from USA, UK, France, Canada (NATO
backed) to overthrow government and bring peace.
- It is soft law and not hard law - it isn’t binding and nation sovereignty often prevents nation
states from intervening
- Human rights abuses still going on in Cote d’ivory - there is a lack of stability from the elections
- USA not held responsible for nuclear weapons in Japan (Nagasaki and Hiroshima).
- Israel not held responsible for HR abuses in the Palestinian occupied territories - 28 UN
resolutions ignores
- National sovereignty e.g. USA, Russia and China don’t accept the jurisdiction of the ICC
Nation: A self identifying community that does not necessarily have sovereignty and isn’t
necessarily recognised by the international community.
It isn’t required for a nation to have a defined territory but they often have certain characteristics in
common such as language, history or traditions.
Links to the concept of nationalism, the strong belief in one own country
State: A political entity with sovereignty that is recognised by the international community, it
couldn’t contain more than one nation or community such as the UK.
They require borders and a permanent population as well as a functioning and effective gov
Nation state: The combination of a state and a nation - it is the primary political entity of the
modern era and in the Westphalian system
It can be described as a state that represents the political wishes of a nation, and this gains
authority and legitimacy
On going issues occur within nationhood and statehood in the modern world
E.g.) TRNC - the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
Turkey invaded and occupied half of Cyprus in 1974, thus it was declared the TRNC - The areas
exists in that being you can go visit it yet it has no official status within the international system.
Turkey is the only country in the world to recognise the TRNC yet this has several ramifications -
you can’t travel with a TRNC passport, it isn’t an will never be accepted into an international body
such as the UN or EU and it cannot participate in international events such as the Olympics.
Westphalian principle: Westphalian sovereignty, or state sovereignty, is a principle in international
law that each state has exclusive sovereignty over its territory
Globalisation: Refers to the way in which the world is becoming increasingly more connected. It
creates a complex web of interconnectedness which puts limits on the sovereign interpendence
of nation states
Types of globalisation…
- Economic globalisation
• The process through which global economies become more connected through free trade
• This idea of free trade is closely linked with neoclassical economic theory and the Washington
consensus (The political idea that neoliberal policies should be promoted. The term was first
used in 1989 by English economist John Williamson. The prescriptions encompassed free-
market policies to encourage macroeconomic stabilisation)
• Driven forward by the Bretton Woods organisation (IMF, World bank, WTO)
• FDI plays a huge part of economic globalisation - the amount of investment that a country can
attract plays a large factor in the economic prosperity of a country
Impacts:
- Nation state sneed to conform to the Washington consensus in order to attract trade and
investment
- Therefore they are incentivised to keep coorporation tax low
- SAP’s from the WB and IMF also enrage neoliberal economic principles
,- The world is closely liked when it comes to economic globalisation as seen through the suffering
of the entire world after the 2008 financial crash
Limits:
- Chain has ignore criticism that it may have devalued its currency to increase exports
Trump administration pulled out of the Trans Atlantic partnership as he felt it wasn’t benefitting
America
- Trump placed huge tariffs on steel and aluminium which triggered Canid and China to also
increase tariffs —> nation states will quickly abandon economic free market principles if it means
that it is in their economic intrest
- Political globalisation
• The way in which nation states increasingly share power
• Intergovernmental organisations such as the UN all provide opportunities for nation states to
work collaboratively to tackle key issues
• NGO’s play a big part e.g. Human right watch
• International figures also play a large part through the establishment of global agencies such as
the Clinton Foundation
• Celebrities contribute to key political debates e.g. Emma Watson and gender equality
Impacts:
The establishment of intergovernmental and non governmental organisations
E.g.) ASEAN, the UN, R2P (the UN responsibility to protect, the idea the sovereignty of a nation
state is conditional upon them not committing mass human rights abuses - if they do the
international community is justified in stopping them
E.g.) Greta Thunberg addressed the UN in 2019 - she is greatly influential
E.g.) Bezos was named the worlds 5th most influential man and he set up Blue origin to utilise
resources in space in order to ‘preserve earth’
E.g.) Greenpeace and Human rights watch play a vital role in global dialogue on pressing issues
Limits:
America and Israel and China all aren’t part of the ICC as they say that it lacks legitimacy
Treaties such as the Paris agreement all require global cooperation - something that they don’t
get!
The possession of nation; sovereignty is still of pressing importance - Russia still Annexed Crimea
from Ukraine, Chaos believes that Taiwan is part of their terror its
- Cultural globalisation
• The process by which the differences between cultures around the world become less
significant - as a result of the popularisation of certain brands and trend across the world
• Coca-colonization - sociologist Barber talks about how cultural globalisation creates a
‘McWorld’ - cultures homogenise and the amount of cultural diversity decreases - Barber calls
this a bland cultural experience
• Closely connected to materialism and americanisation - the idea that people all what the same
consumer experience, one which is an America one - the American cultural experience has
become somewhat aspirational
Impacts
Spreading of brands such as Disney, apple and Microsoft has established a global monoculture
Instagram and twitter enable celebrities to have a global audience - challenging the influence of
the BBC
,Replaces cultural diversity and replaces it with a uniform global culture based on brand cenetuerd
consumerism
Limits
Orban’s emphasis on the importance of Christianity in Hungary has allowed hum to hold on to
power
In Italy, Poland, Sweden, Germany and France, nationalist parties have held on to power by
rejecting global monoculture
Putin has rejected Western ideals - living in so called communism
Is globalisation hotly disputed ?
Hyperglobalisers Globalisation Sceptics Transformationalists
• Globalisation has led to a desire • Say that the nation state is still • Say that globalisation has
readjustment in the location of the key actor in global politics irrevocably changed the world
global power YET nation states are adapting
• Nation states are often reluctant to it and not being hollowed out
• Globalisation has led to the to sign up the supranational by it
decreasing power of nation global bodies as they have too • Highlighted in the way that
states much national sovereignty countries have become
stronger as a result of free trade
• Governments have achieved e.g. China
popularity by taking an • Cultures can adapt to
increasingly nationalist stance monoculture e.g. Bollywood -
(Boris Johnson and Brexit, derives its ideas from
Trump and protectionism) Hollywood yet is culturally very
distinct
Liberals vs Realists
- Take a positive stance on globalisation as they believe that it encourages global coorperation,
peace and understanding
- They believe that trading and investing freely with each other flattens out nation states
differences
- Frederic Bastiat ‘if goods don’t cross borders that armies will’
- By becoming part of organisation such as the WTO and the UN nations attest will put egoism
aside and learn to value the collective good
- Sceptical about globalisation - believe in the primacy of the nation state and oppose any
reduction in its sovereign power and influence
- Believe that nation states should engage in free trade only if it is in their best interest
- As the nation state is sovereign it should not allow its sovereignty to be compromised by
undemocratic regional organisations
- They oppose the rise of a global monoculture as it challenges the right of each nation state to
be unique
Does globalisation tackle the key issues in society
1. Poverty
2. Human Rights
3. Conflict
4. Environment
Poverty
, + Economic liberalism encourages more trade which encourages more greater global wealth
+ Global competition drives down prices
+ The developing world has more manufacturing opportunities
+ Economic growth of countries such as China, India, South Koreo and Turkey has been as a
result of globalisation
+ India was the world fastest growing economy in 2018-2019 - its English proficient workforce is
+ Vietnams low labour costs are attracting investment from TNCs such as Samsing
+ Africa are starting to benefit from the offshoring seen by India and China
+ Nissan in Kenya
+ 2017,e exports from developing countries increased by 12%
+ World trade is now valued at 22 trillion - a nearly 300% increase from 2005
+ Relative success of the MDGs - MDG 6 was achieved - 2.6 billion people now have access to
clean water due to improved infrastructure
- Dependency theory (Wallerstein) economic globalisation represent neocolonialism as the Global
north exploit the Global south
- This makes the developed global north dependent on cheaply manufactured goods from the
global south
- Small farmers and artisans have there livelihoods ruined by global conglomerates
- Creates a race to the bottom
- Collapse of the Rana Plaza factory in Bangladesh - cause by an inadequately built building due
to cost cutting
- The death of thousands of workers whist building stadiums for the WC in Qatar - trying to
spread global wealth yet thousands died
- Foxconn factory in Longhua which makes apple products was criticise for tough working
conditions - has suicide nets around the outside to prevent people from jumping out the
windows
- Workers get paid minimally as TNCs locate the cheapest labour costs - Shein workers get paid
3p per garment that they make in their 18 hour shift - human rights get neglected
Human rights
Humanitarian intervention: Humanitarian intervention is the use or threat of military force by a
state across borders with the intent of ending severe and widespread human rights violations in a
state which has not given permission for the use of force
+ 1993, UN high commission for HR was established (current one is Volker Turk)
+ 2005, R2P - states had a responsibility to respect their citizens human rights or other countries
would get involved - Brunei made homosexuality illegal and punishable by death by stoning -
UN high commissioners for human rights, Michelle Bachlet, and many big name celebrities such
as George Clooney and Elton John condemned this forces them to overturn their ruling
+ Safe havens in Iraq (1991) humanitarian supplies provided in safe zones by US, UK and other
partners (sanctioned by UN) in Iraq, Hussein saw this as infringing sovereignty and international
law. 13000 soldiers sent. After Gulf war, persecuted Kurds by Hussein fled Iraq to Turkey.
+ Sierra Leone (1999) ‘blood diamonds’ child soldiers, weapons trade, civil war. UK and UN
intervened with military, helped with ceasefire talks to establish peace.
+ East Timor (2000) international effort led by Australia ,backed by the UN, to address HR and
security crisis. . UN helped transition into East Timor's own government.
+ Libya (2011) civil war between Gadaffi and rebels. Troops from USA, UK, France, Canada (NATO
backed) to overthrow government and bring peace.
- It is soft law and not hard law - it isn’t binding and nation sovereignty often prevents nation
states from intervening
- Human rights abuses still going on in Cote d’ivory - there is a lack of stability from the elections
- USA not held responsible for nuclear weapons in Japan (Nagasaki and Hiroshima).
- Israel not held responsible for HR abuses in the Palestinian occupied territories - 28 UN
resolutions ignores
- National sovereignty e.g. USA, Russia and China don’t accept the jurisdiction of the ICC
