NURS 301 Final Exam (2026) – 410 Questions on Renal Disorders, Dialysis & Skin Conditions

This document contains approximately 410 comprehensive exam-style questions with verified answers for NURS 301 Final Exam (2026). It provides extensive coverage of renal anatomy and physiology, urinary tract infections, pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis (acute and chronic), chronic kidney disease (CKD), end-stage renal disease (ESRD), and renal replacement therapies including hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, and continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). Early sections (pages 1–6) review kidney structure (cortex, medulla, nephron), glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption/secretion, ADH, aldosterone, GFR values (125–200 mL/min), urinalysis interpretation, and diagnostic procedures such as KUB, IVP, cystoscopy, and renal biopsy. The document thoroughly explores urinary tract infections, including uncomplicated vs complicated UTIs, risk factors (female anatomy, catheter use, aging, diabetes), diagnostic criteria (pyuria, bacteriuria 100,000 colonies/mL, positive leukocyte esterase and nitrites), and medical/nursing management strategies (pages 7–14). Advanced renal pathology is addressed in detail, including acute and chronic pyelonephritis, immune-complex mediated glomerulonephritis, CKD pathophysiology, electrolyte imbalances (hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis, hypocalcemia), and anemia related to erythropoietin deficiency (pages 18–24). Dialysis mechanisms—diffusion, osmosis, ultrafiltration—are clearly explained along with vascular access types (AV fistula, AV graft, catheter), nursing responsibilities, complications (dialysis disequilibrium, hypotension), and peritoneal dialysis exchange phases (inflow, dwell, drain) (pages 25–34). The latter portion of the exam (pages 35–66) focuses on dermatologic disorders including actinic keratoses, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma (ABCDE rule, risk factors, types such as superficial spreading and nodular melanoma), psoriasis pathophysiology and treatment (topical corticosteroids, tar preparations, photochemotherapy), bacterial infections (impetigo, cellulitis, folliculitis), fungal infections (tinea, candidiasis), viral infections (herpes simplex, herpes zoster), and parasitic infestations (scabies). Diagnostic procedures such as shave, punch, incisional, and excisional biopsies are included, along with prevention strategies and patient education measures. The structured Q&A format mirrors undergraduate medical-surgical nursing final examination standards and emphasizes pathophysiology, diagnostic interpretation, pharmacologic management, dialysis principles, infection control, patient education, and nursing interventions. This resource is particularly relevant for: NURS 301 students Medical-Surgical Nursing II courses Renal and Dermatologic Nursing modules ADN and BSN nursing programs NCLEX-RN preparation (renal and integumentary systems) Comprehensive final exam review Keywords: NURS 301 Final Exam 2026, renal anatomy cortex medulla nephron, glomerular filtration rate normal values, urinalysis interpretation nursing, urinary tract infection management, acute pyelonephritis manifestations, glomerulonephritis immune complex disease, chronic kidney disease complications hyperkalemia metabolic acidosis, ESRD uremia symptoms, hemodialysis diffusion osmosis ultrafiltration, arteriovenous fistula access care, peritoneal dialysis inflow dwell drain, dialysis complications hypotension disequilibrium, basal cell carcinoma pearly borders, squamous cell carcinoma keratin crust, malignant melanoma ABCDE rule, psoriasis hyperkeratosis plaques, fungal infections tinea candidiasis, herpes zoster shingles, scabies burrows nocturnal itching