Comprehensive Guide to Menstrual
Cycle, PCOS, Menopause, and
Contraception Tests | Questions And
Answers | Latest Exam 2026-2027 |
What does HPO stand for in relation to the menstrual cycle? -ANSWER Hypothalamic-
pituitary-ovarian axis
What is the role of GnRH in the menstrual cycle? -ANSWER GnRH is released in a
pulsatile fashion to regulate FSH and LH release from the pituitary.
What does FSH stimulate in the ovarian follicles? -ANSWER FSH stimulates ovarian
follicular development.
What hormone does LH bind to in follicles and what does it produce? -ANSWER LH binds
to theca cells and produces androstenedione.
What is the function of aromatase in the ovarian follicles? -ANSWER Aromatase converts
androstenedione into 17B-estradiol.
What is the effect of increased estrogen on the anterior pituitary during the menstrual
cycle? -ANSWER Increased estrogen provides negative feedback, decreasing FSH
release.
What triggers the ovulation of the dominant follicle? -ANSWER An LH surge triggered by
increased estrogen production from the dominant follicle.
What does the corpus luteum produce and what is its effect on FSH and LH? -ANSWER
The corpus luteum produces progesterone, which negatively feedbacks to decrease
FSH and LH.
What is the Rotterdam criteria for diagnosing PCOS? -ANSWER At least 2 of 3:
oligo/anovulation, hyperandrogenism, polycystic ovaries on ultrasound.
What happens to GnRH release in PCOS due to lack of progesterone? -ANSWER
Increased frequency of GnRH release occurs due to lack of progesterone.
What is the consequence of a high LH:FSH ratio in PCOS? -ANSWER Increased
stimulation of theca cells and production of androgens.
, What is hyperandrogenemia and how does it relate to insulin resistance in PCOS? -
ANSWER Hyperandrogenemia leads to increased insulin resistance and
hyperinsulinemia.
What are some metabolic implications of PCOS? -ANSWER Insulin resistance, increased
risk for T2DM, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular disease.
What are common clinical manifestations of PCOS? -ANSWER Irregular menstrual cycles,
infertility, polycystic ovaries, hirsutism, acne, alopecia.
What long-term health risks are associated with PCOS? -ANSWER Endometrial
hyperplasia, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular disease, infertility.
What is the differential diagnosis for PCOS-related manifestations? -ANSWER Congenital
adrenal hyperplasia and Cushing's syndrome.
What is the key feature of congenital adrenal hyperplasia? -ANSWER Early-onset
symptoms, short stature, and family history of CAH.
What diagnostic test is used for congenital adrenal hyperplasia? -ANSWER 17-
hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) level.
What is the treatment for congenital adrenal hyperplasia? -ANSWER Glucocorticoid
replacement.
What is the impact of hyperinsulinemia on the liver in PCOS? -ANSWER Increased
production of LDL and triglycerides, decreased HDL.
What is the effect of prolonged unopposed estrogen exposure in PCOS? -ANSWER
Increased risk for endometrial hyperplasia and cancer.
What is acromatization in the context of the menstrual cycle? -ANSWER Conversion of
androgens to estrogen.
What is the significance of the LH surge during ovulation? -ANSWER It stimulates the
ovulation of the dominant follicle.
What does the corpus luteum produce that affects menstrual cycle regulation? -ANSWER
Progesterone.
What is the relationship between insulin resistance and weight in PCOS patients? -
ANSWER Insulin resistance contributes to difficulty losing weight and increased
abdominal fat.
What hormonal disorder is characterized by excessive cortisol production? -ANSWER
Cushing's syndrome.
Cycle, PCOS, Menopause, and
Contraception Tests | Questions And
Answers | Latest Exam 2026-2027 |
What does HPO stand for in relation to the menstrual cycle? -ANSWER Hypothalamic-
pituitary-ovarian axis
What is the role of GnRH in the menstrual cycle? -ANSWER GnRH is released in a
pulsatile fashion to regulate FSH and LH release from the pituitary.
What does FSH stimulate in the ovarian follicles? -ANSWER FSH stimulates ovarian
follicular development.
What hormone does LH bind to in follicles and what does it produce? -ANSWER LH binds
to theca cells and produces androstenedione.
What is the function of aromatase in the ovarian follicles? -ANSWER Aromatase converts
androstenedione into 17B-estradiol.
What is the effect of increased estrogen on the anterior pituitary during the menstrual
cycle? -ANSWER Increased estrogen provides negative feedback, decreasing FSH
release.
What triggers the ovulation of the dominant follicle? -ANSWER An LH surge triggered by
increased estrogen production from the dominant follicle.
What does the corpus luteum produce and what is its effect on FSH and LH? -ANSWER
The corpus luteum produces progesterone, which negatively feedbacks to decrease
FSH and LH.
What is the Rotterdam criteria for diagnosing PCOS? -ANSWER At least 2 of 3:
oligo/anovulation, hyperandrogenism, polycystic ovaries on ultrasound.
What happens to GnRH release in PCOS due to lack of progesterone? -ANSWER
Increased frequency of GnRH release occurs due to lack of progesterone.
What is the consequence of a high LH:FSH ratio in PCOS? -ANSWER Increased
stimulation of theca cells and production of androgens.
, What is hyperandrogenemia and how does it relate to insulin resistance in PCOS? -
ANSWER Hyperandrogenemia leads to increased insulin resistance and
hyperinsulinemia.
What are some metabolic implications of PCOS? -ANSWER Insulin resistance, increased
risk for T2DM, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular disease.
What are common clinical manifestations of PCOS? -ANSWER Irregular menstrual cycles,
infertility, polycystic ovaries, hirsutism, acne, alopecia.
What long-term health risks are associated with PCOS? -ANSWER Endometrial
hyperplasia, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular disease, infertility.
What is the differential diagnosis for PCOS-related manifestations? -ANSWER Congenital
adrenal hyperplasia and Cushing's syndrome.
What is the key feature of congenital adrenal hyperplasia? -ANSWER Early-onset
symptoms, short stature, and family history of CAH.
What diagnostic test is used for congenital adrenal hyperplasia? -ANSWER 17-
hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) level.
What is the treatment for congenital adrenal hyperplasia? -ANSWER Glucocorticoid
replacement.
What is the impact of hyperinsulinemia on the liver in PCOS? -ANSWER Increased
production of LDL and triglycerides, decreased HDL.
What is the effect of prolonged unopposed estrogen exposure in PCOS? -ANSWER
Increased risk for endometrial hyperplasia and cancer.
What is acromatization in the context of the menstrual cycle? -ANSWER Conversion of
androgens to estrogen.
What is the significance of the LH surge during ovulation? -ANSWER It stimulates the
ovulation of the dominant follicle.
What does the corpus luteum produce that affects menstrual cycle regulation? -ANSWER
Progesterone.
What is the relationship between insulin resistance and weight in PCOS patients? -
ANSWER Insulin resistance contributes to difficulty losing weight and increased
abdominal fat.
What hormonal disorder is characterized by excessive cortisol production? -ANSWER
Cushing's syndrome.
