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1. Echoic memory - Correct Answer: The persistence of sound in the mind
for a few seconds after the presentation of the original auditory stimulus.
2. Encoding - Correct Answer: The process of transferring information into
long-term memory, illustrated in the modal model when Rachel memorizes
the phone number for Mineo's Pizza.
3. Episodic buffer - Correct Answer: An additional component proposed by
Baddeley to address the abilities of working memory to hold more than
expected and to facilitate interchange between working memory and LTM.
4. Event-related potential (ERP) - Correct Answer: A measured brain
response recorded using electrodes placed on the scalp that reflects neural
activity associated with cognitive processes such as working memory.
,5. Iconic memory - Correct Answer: A short-lived sensory memory for
visual stimuli that registers all or most of the information hitting visual
receptors but decays within less than a second.
6. Information processing approach - Correct Answer: An approach to
cognition that views the mind as a computer-like system that processes
information through attention, perception, memory, and problem-solving.
7. Long-term memory (LTM) - Correct Answer: The stage of memory that
can hold a large amount of information for years or even decades, as
proposed in the modal model of memory.
8. Modal model of memory - Correct Answer: Introduced by Richard
Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin in 1968, this model illustrates the flow of
information through three types of memory: sensory memory, short-term
memory, and long-term memory.
9. Neural dynamics of working memory - Correct Answer: The processes
involving neural activity that contribute to holding information in working
memory, including continuous firing and short-term changes in neural
networks.
10.Persistence of vision - Correct Answer: The continued perception of a
visual stimulus after it is no longer present, lasting only a fraction of a
second.
,11.Phonological loop - Correct Answer: holds verbal and auditory
information; consists of the phonological store and the articulatory
rehearsal process
12.Recall - Correct Answer: a memory task in which participants are
presented with stimuli and, after a delay, asked to report back as many of
the stimuli as possible
13.Rehearsal - Correct Answer: a control process involving the repetition of
a stimulus, such as repeating a phone number to keep it in STM, as depicted
in the modal model
14.Adaptive process - Correct Answer: a process that contributes to an
organism's ability to adjust to its environment and enhance its chances of
survival
15.Auditory coding - Correct Answer: the representation of information in
the mind in the form of sound, observed in both STM and LTM
16.Autobiographical memory - Correct Answer: memory for specific
experiences from one's own life, containing both episodic and semantic
components
17.Double dissociation - Correct Answer: the phenomenon where two
functions, STM and LTM, are affected independently, demonstrating their
separation
, 18.Episodic memory - Correct Answer: memory for events in your life (like
what you did last weekend)
19.Episodic long-term memory - Correct Answer: the part of LTM that
stores personally experienced events and episodes
20.Explicit memory - Correct Answer: memory that involves conscious
awareness and the ability to articulate memories, such as episodic and
semantic memories
21.FMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) - Correct Answer: a
neuroimaging technique that measures and maps brain activity by detecting
changes associated with blood flow
22.Hippocampus - Correct Answer: a brain structure involved in the
formation of new long-term memories, also showing activity during the
maintenance of novel information in short-term memory
23.Primacy effect - Correct Answer: the phenomenon where participants
are more likely to remember words presented at the beginning of a
sequence, often associated with long-term memory
24.Procedural memory - Correct Answer: memory for physical actions
(such as how to ride a bike or play a piano)