HCC EXAM #2 QUESTIONS AND ACCURATE
ANSWERS
What is cellular regulation?
Cellular regulation refers to all functions, carried out within a cell to maintain homeostasis
Example: hormones and nuerotransmitters
What is replication?
Copy of DNA so cells can form
What is proliferation?
Rapid increase in the number of cells
What is differentiation?
Process where cells become specialized, example, muscle or nerve cells
What is neoplasia?
Abnormal uncontrolled new cell growth
What is neoplasm?
Tumor
What is benign?
Non-cancerous tumor ,no spread
What is malignant?
Cancerous tumor that can spread
What is mitosis?
Growth, repair, and replace old cells
all body cells
"my toe"
What is meiosis?
Make gametes (egg and sprerm)
"me & O"
Why is the cell cycle important?
cells grow and DNA is copied. In every phase, they are being checked by for errors.
Initiation stage of malignant neoplasm
,DNA is damaged by carcinogens and the damage is permanent
Promotion stage of malignant neoplasm
Mutated cells are encouraged to grow may be reversible
Progression stage of malignant neoplasm
Cells become more abnormal and spread that is irreversible
Can Cancer cells recruit normal cells?
Yes
Consequences of malignant neoplasia
Fatigue, weight loss, pain, organ failure, death, fear, stress, anxiety, financial challenges,
changes, and family, dynamics, and changes in self image
Why does problems with cellular regulation rise after age 55?
75% of new cancer is going to happen in patients 55 and older
Individual risk factors of cancer
Being over 55, smoking, genetics, poor nutrition, sedentary lifestyle, exposure to carcinogenic
and infectious agents. Example: H. pylori increases the risk of stomach cancer
Questions when assessing patient with cancer
Have you found any lumps in your body?
Have you found any irregular moles/ lesions?
Have you noticed any physical asymmetry, palpable masses, abnormal sounds or presence of
blood on pelvic exam?
Primary prevention of cancer
Smoking cessation
Decrease an exposure
Being active
Balanced diet
Prophylactic surgery
Secondary prevention of cancer
Mammogram, prostate-specific antigen, colonoscopy, pap smear
What are clinical goals for a cancer patient??
Depends on the neoplasm and how the patient and family want to treat it
Treatment can be curative ,control disease, or palliative
Collaborative interventions for cancer
, Surgery may help diagnose stage or debulk cancer
Surgery alone rarely cures cancer
What is chemo?
Drugs that travel through the bloodstream target healthy and sick cells
Use the best for widespread cancers
What are the side effects of chemo?
Hair loss, nausea, fatigue, and low blood counts
What is radiation?
High-energy beams that target DNA and cancer cells so they cannot divide.
Used for the local area only
Dermatitis altered taste, fatigue, and bone marrow suppression
What are side effects of radiation?
Skin irritation, fatigue, and localized tissue damage
What is targeted Therapy?
Drugs that block specific molecules or pathways cancer cells use to grow
ex: monoclonal antibodies
What is biologic therapy?
Treatments use the body's immune system to fight cancers.
Boosts immune system
What is hormonal Therapy?
Meds that block hormones cancer needs to grow
For example, estrogen is blocked in breast cancer
What is bone marrow and stem cell transplant?
Replace damaged bone marrow with healthy cells
Used for leukemia, lymphoma, or after strong radiation
What is autologous stem cells?
Patient's own stem cells given back
What is allogenic stem cells?
Stem cells from a donor
What is primary tumor?
Where the tumor first began
ANSWERS
What is cellular regulation?
Cellular regulation refers to all functions, carried out within a cell to maintain homeostasis
Example: hormones and nuerotransmitters
What is replication?
Copy of DNA so cells can form
What is proliferation?
Rapid increase in the number of cells
What is differentiation?
Process where cells become specialized, example, muscle or nerve cells
What is neoplasia?
Abnormal uncontrolled new cell growth
What is neoplasm?
Tumor
What is benign?
Non-cancerous tumor ,no spread
What is malignant?
Cancerous tumor that can spread
What is mitosis?
Growth, repair, and replace old cells
all body cells
"my toe"
What is meiosis?
Make gametes (egg and sprerm)
"me & O"
Why is the cell cycle important?
cells grow and DNA is copied. In every phase, they are being checked by for errors.
Initiation stage of malignant neoplasm
,DNA is damaged by carcinogens and the damage is permanent
Promotion stage of malignant neoplasm
Mutated cells are encouraged to grow may be reversible
Progression stage of malignant neoplasm
Cells become more abnormal and spread that is irreversible
Can Cancer cells recruit normal cells?
Yes
Consequences of malignant neoplasia
Fatigue, weight loss, pain, organ failure, death, fear, stress, anxiety, financial challenges,
changes, and family, dynamics, and changes in self image
Why does problems with cellular regulation rise after age 55?
75% of new cancer is going to happen in patients 55 and older
Individual risk factors of cancer
Being over 55, smoking, genetics, poor nutrition, sedentary lifestyle, exposure to carcinogenic
and infectious agents. Example: H. pylori increases the risk of stomach cancer
Questions when assessing patient with cancer
Have you found any lumps in your body?
Have you found any irregular moles/ lesions?
Have you noticed any physical asymmetry, palpable masses, abnormal sounds or presence of
blood on pelvic exam?
Primary prevention of cancer
Smoking cessation
Decrease an exposure
Being active
Balanced diet
Prophylactic surgery
Secondary prevention of cancer
Mammogram, prostate-specific antigen, colonoscopy, pap smear
What are clinical goals for a cancer patient??
Depends on the neoplasm and how the patient and family want to treat it
Treatment can be curative ,control disease, or palliative
Collaborative interventions for cancer
, Surgery may help diagnose stage or debulk cancer
Surgery alone rarely cures cancer
What is chemo?
Drugs that travel through the bloodstream target healthy and sick cells
Use the best for widespread cancers
What are the side effects of chemo?
Hair loss, nausea, fatigue, and low blood counts
What is radiation?
High-energy beams that target DNA and cancer cells so they cannot divide.
Used for the local area only
Dermatitis altered taste, fatigue, and bone marrow suppression
What are side effects of radiation?
Skin irritation, fatigue, and localized tissue damage
What is targeted Therapy?
Drugs that block specific molecules or pathways cancer cells use to grow
ex: monoclonal antibodies
What is biologic therapy?
Treatments use the body's immune system to fight cancers.
Boosts immune system
What is hormonal Therapy?
Meds that block hormones cancer needs to grow
For example, estrogen is blocked in breast cancer
What is bone marrow and stem cell transplant?
Replace damaged bone marrow with healthy cells
Used for leukemia, lymphoma, or after strong radiation
What is autologous stem cells?
Patient's own stem cells given back
What is allogenic stem cells?
Stem cells from a donor
What is primary tumor?
Where the tumor first began
