1
Social Psychology 1
Inhoud
Chapter 2: doing social psychology research......................................................1
Chapter 3: social self........................................................................................... 1
Chapter 4: perceiving persons............................................................................. 4
Chapter 5: stereotypes, prejudice and discrimination.........................................7
Chapter 6: attitudes.......................................................................................... 10
Chapter 7: conformity....................................................................................... 13
Chapter 8: groups.............................................................................................. 18
Chapter 9: attraction......................................................................................... 19
Chapter 10: helping others................................................................................ 20
Chapter 11: aggression..................................................................................... 21
Chapter 2: doing social psychology research
This chapter focuses on the scientific methods used in social psychology. It
highlights the importance of:
Developing Ideas: Starting with hypotheses based on theories.
Research Methods: Including descriptive (observation), correlational
(relationships between variables), and experimental (cause and effect)
designs.
Ethics: The necessity of informed consent, debriefing, and Institutional
Review Boards (IRBs) to protect participants.
New Research Standards: Emphasizes transparency and replicability, with
a focus on cross-cultural research
Chapter 3: social self
Lecture notes
Self concept: how do you think about yourself (traits), is obtained via -
introspection, observation (and attribution) of our own behavior
- Individualistic; independent self concept
- Collectivistic; interdependent self concept
Self esteem: feeling about yourself
- is important for our health and well-being
- Is determined by self-discrepancies (between actual and ideal self)
the amount that we focus on theses discrepancies
- Is inflated by: all kinds of self-enhancing mechanisms
Self presentation: how you present yourself to others
- Serves two goals: to make a good impression on others to convince others of
the correctness of our self-concept -> the latter seems most important
Know ourselves:
1. Introspection
2. observation own behavior
,2
3. influence from others-> self perception theory
4. autobiographic memory
5. cultural influences
Self perception theory: (Daryl Bem 1972) ‘we get knowledge about ourselves
by observing our behavior if we believe it is voluntary.’
Over justification effect; when people are being rewarded for something they
like doing and the reward gets taken away they wont like it anymore.
Festinger’s social comparison theory (1954):
- social concept influences the way we perceive
Individual differences: some are more aware of themselves than others
1. Try to reduce the discrepancy -> shape us
2. Escaping self awareness -> drugs etc.
Enhancing self esteem :
- self serving bias in the information processing
- BIRG-ing and CORF-ing :downward self comparison
- self handicapping
Self monitoring: to what extent are you inclined to adapt your behavior
(circumstances/people)
10 main points:
1. People are attentive to information of relevance to the self and are self
conscious, as if under a spotlight in the presence of other people
2. Your self concept represents the sum total of beliefs you have about the kind
of person you are- your traits, abilities, motivations etc.
3. Often people learn about themselves not by introspection but by observing
their own behaviour and comparison
4. Westerners have an independent view of themselves as distinct and
autonomous, Asian cultures hold and interdependent view of themselves as
part of a larger social network.
5. people gave a strong need for high self esteem and want to see themselves
positively
6. when people enter a state of self awareness, they become their own worst
critics and experience a temporary drop in self esteem.
7. To meet our personal ideas we often engage in self-regulation, trying to
control our thoughts urges and behaviours which can be physically taxing.
8. Despite our shortcoming and self-critical tendencies, most people think highly
of themselves thanks to various adaptive means of self-enhancement
9. Through the processes of self-presentation, people put on a public face that
may or may not be consistent with their private self in an effort to get others
to see them in a positive light.
10.In public individuals differ their level of self-monitoring.
Key Terms
Conce Definiti
pt on
The process of predicting one's emotional reactions to future
Affective
events, often inaccurately; people tend to overestimate the
Forecasting
intensity and duration of their future emotions.
Private Self- A tendency to focus on one’s inner thoughts and feelings,
Consciousness leading to greater self-awareness and reflection on personal
beliefs, goals, and feelings.
, 3
Self- The act of controlling one's image and behavior to influence
Presentatio others' perceptions, typically to appear favorable or desirable in
n social settings.
Bask in The tendency to associate with successful or admired
Reflected Glory individuals or groups to boost one’s self-esteem and public
(BIRG) image.
A tendency to be highly aware of how one is viewed by
Public Self-
others, often leading to sensitivity about one's social image
Consciousness
and outward appearance.
Self- The process of guiding and controlling one’s own behavior,
Regulatio emotions, and thoughts to achieve personal goals and adapt to
n social and environmental demands.
Self- A theory suggesting that focusing on oneself triggers awareness
Awareness of discrepancies between one’s current self and one’s standards,
Theory motivating change to reduce discrepancies.
Cognitive structures about oneself that organize and guide processing
Self-
of self-relevant information, shaping how one perceives and
Schema
remembers personal experiences.
A thinking style characterized by acceptance of contradictions and
Dialecticis
change, common in East Asian cultures, leading to tolerance for
m
opposing viewpoints and adaptability.
The collection of beliefs, perceptions, and feelings one holds about
Self-
oneself, serving as a guide for how individuals understand and view
Concept
their identity.
Social The theory that individuals evaluate their abilities, attitudes,
Comparison and beliefs by comparing themselves to others, which can
Theory influence self-esteem and personal development.
Comparing oneself to others who are perceived as worse off,
Downward Social
as a strategy to enhance self-esteem and feel better about
Comparisons
one's own situation.
Self- One’s overall sense of self-worth and value, influencing how individuals
Esteem feel about and evaluate themselves in various aspects of life.
The theory that self-esteem is a reflection of one’s social
Sociometer
acceptance or rejection, acting as a "sociometer" to gauge one’s
Theory
social standing.
Self- A self-protective strategy in which individuals create obstacles to
Handicappin success, so they have an excuse for potential failure, thus
g protecting their self-esteem.
Facial The idea that facial expressions can influence emotional
Feedback experiences, suggesting that smiling can make one feel happier
Hypothesis or frowning can make one feel sadder.
Self- The degree to which individuals adjust their behavior to suit the
Monitorin social environment, often aiming to create a favorable impression in
g different contexts.
Terror A theory positing that self-esteem and cultural beliefs help
Management individuals cope with existential anxiety about mortality by
Theory providing meaning and purpose.
Implicit The unconscious preference for things related to oneself, such as the
Egotism letters in one's name or numbers related to one’s birthday.
Self- The theory that people infer their own attitudes and feelings by
Perception observing their behaviors, especially when internal cues are
Theory ambiguous.
Social Psychology 1
Inhoud
Chapter 2: doing social psychology research......................................................1
Chapter 3: social self........................................................................................... 1
Chapter 4: perceiving persons............................................................................. 4
Chapter 5: stereotypes, prejudice and discrimination.........................................7
Chapter 6: attitudes.......................................................................................... 10
Chapter 7: conformity....................................................................................... 13
Chapter 8: groups.............................................................................................. 18
Chapter 9: attraction......................................................................................... 19
Chapter 10: helping others................................................................................ 20
Chapter 11: aggression..................................................................................... 21
Chapter 2: doing social psychology research
This chapter focuses on the scientific methods used in social psychology. It
highlights the importance of:
Developing Ideas: Starting with hypotheses based on theories.
Research Methods: Including descriptive (observation), correlational
(relationships between variables), and experimental (cause and effect)
designs.
Ethics: The necessity of informed consent, debriefing, and Institutional
Review Boards (IRBs) to protect participants.
New Research Standards: Emphasizes transparency and replicability, with
a focus on cross-cultural research
Chapter 3: social self
Lecture notes
Self concept: how do you think about yourself (traits), is obtained via -
introspection, observation (and attribution) of our own behavior
- Individualistic; independent self concept
- Collectivistic; interdependent self concept
Self esteem: feeling about yourself
- is important for our health and well-being
- Is determined by self-discrepancies (between actual and ideal self)
the amount that we focus on theses discrepancies
- Is inflated by: all kinds of self-enhancing mechanisms
Self presentation: how you present yourself to others
- Serves two goals: to make a good impression on others to convince others of
the correctness of our self-concept -> the latter seems most important
Know ourselves:
1. Introspection
2. observation own behavior
,2
3. influence from others-> self perception theory
4. autobiographic memory
5. cultural influences
Self perception theory: (Daryl Bem 1972) ‘we get knowledge about ourselves
by observing our behavior if we believe it is voluntary.’
Over justification effect; when people are being rewarded for something they
like doing and the reward gets taken away they wont like it anymore.
Festinger’s social comparison theory (1954):
- social concept influences the way we perceive
Individual differences: some are more aware of themselves than others
1. Try to reduce the discrepancy -> shape us
2. Escaping self awareness -> drugs etc.
Enhancing self esteem :
- self serving bias in the information processing
- BIRG-ing and CORF-ing :downward self comparison
- self handicapping
Self monitoring: to what extent are you inclined to adapt your behavior
(circumstances/people)
10 main points:
1. People are attentive to information of relevance to the self and are self
conscious, as if under a spotlight in the presence of other people
2. Your self concept represents the sum total of beliefs you have about the kind
of person you are- your traits, abilities, motivations etc.
3. Often people learn about themselves not by introspection but by observing
their own behaviour and comparison
4. Westerners have an independent view of themselves as distinct and
autonomous, Asian cultures hold and interdependent view of themselves as
part of a larger social network.
5. people gave a strong need for high self esteem and want to see themselves
positively
6. when people enter a state of self awareness, they become their own worst
critics and experience a temporary drop in self esteem.
7. To meet our personal ideas we often engage in self-regulation, trying to
control our thoughts urges and behaviours which can be physically taxing.
8. Despite our shortcoming and self-critical tendencies, most people think highly
of themselves thanks to various adaptive means of self-enhancement
9. Through the processes of self-presentation, people put on a public face that
may or may not be consistent with their private self in an effort to get others
to see them in a positive light.
10.In public individuals differ their level of self-monitoring.
Key Terms
Conce Definiti
pt on
The process of predicting one's emotional reactions to future
Affective
events, often inaccurately; people tend to overestimate the
Forecasting
intensity and duration of their future emotions.
Private Self- A tendency to focus on one’s inner thoughts and feelings,
Consciousness leading to greater self-awareness and reflection on personal
beliefs, goals, and feelings.
, 3
Self- The act of controlling one's image and behavior to influence
Presentatio others' perceptions, typically to appear favorable or desirable in
n social settings.
Bask in The tendency to associate with successful or admired
Reflected Glory individuals or groups to boost one’s self-esteem and public
(BIRG) image.
A tendency to be highly aware of how one is viewed by
Public Self-
others, often leading to sensitivity about one's social image
Consciousness
and outward appearance.
Self- The process of guiding and controlling one’s own behavior,
Regulatio emotions, and thoughts to achieve personal goals and adapt to
n social and environmental demands.
Self- A theory suggesting that focusing on oneself triggers awareness
Awareness of discrepancies between one’s current self and one’s standards,
Theory motivating change to reduce discrepancies.
Cognitive structures about oneself that organize and guide processing
Self-
of self-relevant information, shaping how one perceives and
Schema
remembers personal experiences.
A thinking style characterized by acceptance of contradictions and
Dialecticis
change, common in East Asian cultures, leading to tolerance for
m
opposing viewpoints and adaptability.
The collection of beliefs, perceptions, and feelings one holds about
Self-
oneself, serving as a guide for how individuals understand and view
Concept
their identity.
Social The theory that individuals evaluate their abilities, attitudes,
Comparison and beliefs by comparing themselves to others, which can
Theory influence self-esteem and personal development.
Comparing oneself to others who are perceived as worse off,
Downward Social
as a strategy to enhance self-esteem and feel better about
Comparisons
one's own situation.
Self- One’s overall sense of self-worth and value, influencing how individuals
Esteem feel about and evaluate themselves in various aspects of life.
The theory that self-esteem is a reflection of one’s social
Sociometer
acceptance or rejection, acting as a "sociometer" to gauge one’s
Theory
social standing.
Self- A self-protective strategy in which individuals create obstacles to
Handicappin success, so they have an excuse for potential failure, thus
g protecting their self-esteem.
Facial The idea that facial expressions can influence emotional
Feedback experiences, suggesting that smiling can make one feel happier
Hypothesis or frowning can make one feel sadder.
Self- The degree to which individuals adjust their behavior to suit the
Monitorin social environment, often aiming to create a favorable impression in
g different contexts.
Terror A theory positing that self-esteem and cultural beliefs help
Management individuals cope with existential anxiety about mortality by
Theory providing meaning and purpose.
Implicit The unconscious preference for things related to oneself, such as the
Egotism letters in one's name or numbers related to one’s birthday.
Self- The theory that people infer their own attitudes and feelings by
Perception observing their behaviors, especially when internal cues are
Theory ambiguous.
