CNM FINAL ASSESSMENT SEGMENT RECORD
2026 VETTED ITEMS COMPLETE SOLUTION
METHODOLOGY SUCCESSFUL
CONFIRMATION
• Core temperature (36.5-37.5°C).
• Water and electrolyte concentrations.
• pH (acidity or alkalinity) of body fluids.
• Blood glucose levels.
• Blood and tissue O 2 / CO 2 levels.
• Blood pressure.
• Flow of Life Force.
◍ List ONE key difference between 'diffusion' and 'facilitated
diffusion'. Answer: Diffusion — the movement of small substances
from a high to low concentration.
Facilitated diffusion — the movement of larger substances from high
to low concentration with the aid of transmembrane proteins
◍ Explain what is meant by a 'free radical'. Answer: Free radicals are
unstable and highly reactive molecules. They lack an electron in their
atomic structure, which can be donated by antioxidants.
,◍ Explain how 'tight junctions' are formed between cells. Answer:
Transmembrane proteins fuse cells together to reinforce the junctions
and seal off passageways/
◍ Describe the difference between 'supine' and 'prone' body positions.
Answer: Supine describes the body lying face up.
Prone describes the body lying face down
◍ The skeletal system stores minerals such as _______________ and
_______________, whilst functioning to provide a support
framework for the body.
Some bones in the body are known as 'long bones'. These contain a
shaft known as the 'diaphysis', and 2 heads known as the
'__________________'. An example of a long bone is the
____________________.. Answer: The skeletal system stores
minerals such as calcium phosphate and magnesium or potassium,
whilst functioning to provide a support framework for the body. Some
bones in the body are known as 'long bones. These contain a shaft
known as the 'diaphysis', and 2 heads known as the 'epiphyses'
Example: Femur or Tibia
◍ Explain why a 'post-menopausal woman' could be susceptible to
the development of osteoporosis. Answer: Oestrogen would normally
suppress osteoclast activity
, ◍ Explain the key difference between the directional terms 'medial'
and 'lateral'. Answer: Medial: Near to midline
Lateral: Away from the midline
◍ List TWO characteristics of 'slow oxidative' skeletal muscle.
Answer: Any two of the following
Colour: dark red
Respiration: aerobic
Myoglobin and mitochondria: highest
Duration: Longest
Good for: endurance
Diameter: small
◍ Describe the difference between muscle properties 'excitability' and
'extensibility'. Answer: Excitability → ability to conduct an electrical
current. Nerve impulses cause muscles to contract.
Extensibility → ability to stretch without being damaged.
◍ Describe specifically how the muscular system maintains 'body
posture'. Answer: Stabilising joints, posture, and balance through
continued partial muscle contraction.
◍ List TWO causes of 'fibromyalgia'. Answer: Any two of the
following
2026 VETTED ITEMS COMPLETE SOLUTION
METHODOLOGY SUCCESSFUL
CONFIRMATION
• Core temperature (36.5-37.5°C).
• Water and electrolyte concentrations.
• pH (acidity or alkalinity) of body fluids.
• Blood glucose levels.
• Blood and tissue O 2 / CO 2 levels.
• Blood pressure.
• Flow of Life Force.
◍ List ONE key difference between 'diffusion' and 'facilitated
diffusion'. Answer: Diffusion — the movement of small substances
from a high to low concentration.
Facilitated diffusion — the movement of larger substances from high
to low concentration with the aid of transmembrane proteins
◍ Explain what is meant by a 'free radical'. Answer: Free radicals are
unstable and highly reactive molecules. They lack an electron in their
atomic structure, which can be donated by antioxidants.
,◍ Explain how 'tight junctions' are formed between cells. Answer:
Transmembrane proteins fuse cells together to reinforce the junctions
and seal off passageways/
◍ Describe the difference between 'supine' and 'prone' body positions.
Answer: Supine describes the body lying face up.
Prone describes the body lying face down
◍ The skeletal system stores minerals such as _______________ and
_______________, whilst functioning to provide a support
framework for the body.
Some bones in the body are known as 'long bones'. These contain a
shaft known as the 'diaphysis', and 2 heads known as the
'__________________'. An example of a long bone is the
____________________.. Answer: The skeletal system stores
minerals such as calcium phosphate and magnesium or potassium,
whilst functioning to provide a support framework for the body. Some
bones in the body are known as 'long bones. These contain a shaft
known as the 'diaphysis', and 2 heads known as the 'epiphyses'
Example: Femur or Tibia
◍ Explain why a 'post-menopausal woman' could be susceptible to
the development of osteoporosis. Answer: Oestrogen would normally
suppress osteoclast activity
, ◍ Explain the key difference between the directional terms 'medial'
and 'lateral'. Answer: Medial: Near to midline
Lateral: Away from the midline
◍ List TWO characteristics of 'slow oxidative' skeletal muscle.
Answer: Any two of the following
Colour: dark red
Respiration: aerobic
Myoglobin and mitochondria: highest
Duration: Longest
Good for: endurance
Diameter: small
◍ Describe the difference between muscle properties 'excitability' and
'extensibility'. Answer: Excitability → ability to conduct an electrical
current. Nerve impulses cause muscles to contract.
Extensibility → ability to stretch without being damaged.
◍ Describe specifically how the muscular system maintains 'body
posture'. Answer: Stabilising joints, posture, and balance through
continued partial muscle contraction.
◍ List TWO causes of 'fibromyalgia'. Answer: Any two of the
following
