CNM PROFESSIONAL CERTIFICATE LOG 2026
ENTIRE KNOWLEDGE SECTIONS AND
RESOLUTION DATA
Explain what is meant by 'homeostasis' and list TWO physiological
variables that must remain within narrow parameters in the body.
Answer: Homeostasis The condition of equilibrium (balance) in the
body's internal environment maintained by the body's own regulatory
processes.
• Core temperature (36.5-37.5°C).
• Water and electrolyte concentrations.
• pH (acidity or alkalinity) of body fluids.
• Blood glucose levels.
• Blood and tissue O 2 / CO 2 levels.
• Blood pressure.
• Flow of Life Force.
◍ List ONE key difference between 'diffusion' and 'facilitated
diffusion'. Answer: Diffusion — the movement of small substances
from a high to low concentration.
Facilitated diffusion — the movement of larger substances from high
to low concentration with the aid of transmembrane proteins
,◍ Explain what is meant by a 'free radical'. Answer: Free radicals are
unstable and highly reactive molecules. They lack an electron in their
atomic structure, which can be donated by antioxidants.
◍ Explain how 'tight junctions' are formed between cells. Answer:
Transmembrane proteins fuse cells together to reinforce the junctions
and seal off passageways/
◍ Describe the difference between 'supine' and 'prone' body positions.
Answer: Supine describes the body lying face up.
Prone describes the body lying face down
◍ The skeletal system stores minerals such as _______________ and
_______________, whilst functioning to provide a support
framework for the body.
Some bones in the body are known as 'long bones'. These contain a
shaft known as the 'diaphysis', and 2 heads known as the
'__________________'. An example of a long bone is the
____________________.. Answer: The skeletal system stores
minerals such as calcium phosphate and magnesium or potassium,
whilst functioning to provide a support framework for the body. Some
bones in the body are known as 'long bones. These contain a shaft
known as the 'diaphysis', and 2 heads known as the 'epiphyses'
Example: Femur or Tibia
, ◍ Explain why a 'post-menopausal woman' could be susceptible to
the development of osteoporosis. Answer: Oestrogen would normally
suppress osteoclast activity
◍ Explain the key difference between the directional terms 'medial'
and 'lateral'. Answer: Medial: Near to midline
Lateral: Away from the midline
◍ List TWO characteristics of 'slow oxidative' skeletal muscle.
Answer: Any two of the following
Colour: dark red
Respiration: aerobic
Myoglobin and mitochondria: highest
Duration: Longest
Good for: endurance
Diameter: small
◍ Describe the difference between muscle properties 'excitability' and
'extensibility'. Answer: Excitability → ability to conduct an electrical
current. Nerve impulses cause muscles to contract.
Extensibility → ability to stretch without being damaged.
ENTIRE KNOWLEDGE SECTIONS AND
RESOLUTION DATA
Explain what is meant by 'homeostasis' and list TWO physiological
variables that must remain within narrow parameters in the body.
Answer: Homeostasis The condition of equilibrium (balance) in the
body's internal environment maintained by the body's own regulatory
processes.
• Core temperature (36.5-37.5°C).
• Water and electrolyte concentrations.
• pH (acidity or alkalinity) of body fluids.
• Blood glucose levels.
• Blood and tissue O 2 / CO 2 levels.
• Blood pressure.
• Flow of Life Force.
◍ List ONE key difference between 'diffusion' and 'facilitated
diffusion'. Answer: Diffusion — the movement of small substances
from a high to low concentration.
Facilitated diffusion — the movement of larger substances from high
to low concentration with the aid of transmembrane proteins
,◍ Explain what is meant by a 'free radical'. Answer: Free radicals are
unstable and highly reactive molecules. They lack an electron in their
atomic structure, which can be donated by antioxidants.
◍ Explain how 'tight junctions' are formed between cells. Answer:
Transmembrane proteins fuse cells together to reinforce the junctions
and seal off passageways/
◍ Describe the difference between 'supine' and 'prone' body positions.
Answer: Supine describes the body lying face up.
Prone describes the body lying face down
◍ The skeletal system stores minerals such as _______________ and
_______________, whilst functioning to provide a support
framework for the body.
Some bones in the body are known as 'long bones'. These contain a
shaft known as the 'diaphysis', and 2 heads known as the
'__________________'. An example of a long bone is the
____________________.. Answer: The skeletal system stores
minerals such as calcium phosphate and magnesium or potassium,
whilst functioning to provide a support framework for the body. Some
bones in the body are known as 'long bones. These contain a shaft
known as the 'diaphysis', and 2 heads known as the 'epiphyses'
Example: Femur or Tibia
, ◍ Explain why a 'post-menopausal woman' could be susceptible to
the development of osteoporosis. Answer: Oestrogen would normally
suppress osteoclast activity
◍ Explain the key difference between the directional terms 'medial'
and 'lateral'. Answer: Medial: Near to midline
Lateral: Away from the midline
◍ List TWO characteristics of 'slow oxidative' skeletal muscle.
Answer: Any two of the following
Colour: dark red
Respiration: aerobic
Myoglobin and mitochondria: highest
Duration: Longest
Good for: endurance
Diameter: small
◍ Describe the difference between muscle properties 'excitability' and
'extensibility'. Answer: Excitability → ability to conduct an electrical
current. Nerve impulses cause muscles to contract.
Extensibility → ability to stretch without being damaged.
