, Unit 1:
Structure and Organisation of
Information Systems
-
1 bit
: Digital stores
info
binary form
↓ answers with info
-
- systems 1010
b all data
2 possibilities
stored in
a computer ↓ if not completed in 1
system require bit
manifest as sequences
sequences of
1 and 0.
All processors and chips are
↓
Processed
by constructed on this basis.
CPU
Used to form
complex circuits
Boolean Operations
- - among electrotechnical
assemblies.
algebraic structure
with 1 and O
plus operations
AND, OR, NOT
AND - t wo-digit operation. 2 Boolean values, X and Y to 1 if both values are 1. Other wise
evaluates to 0. Lamp lights up when both switches are in “on” position, if one is not then it
doesn’t.
OR - t wo-digit operation. Evaluates 2 Boolean values X and Y to 1 if at least one of the
values is 1. Lamp lights up when one switch is in “on” position, if both are “off” then it
doesn’t.
NOT - one input digit. Negates the value X to the other. If 1 is 0, the value 0 as 1.
Lamp lights up when the switch is in the “off” position, it doesn’t light up if it’s
in the “on” position.
, #11
X Y AND OR NOT
0 0 0 0 1
0 1 0 1 1
1 0 0 1 0
1 1 1 1 0
Storing numbers and letters -
Computer
ASCII Sequences
systems also - -g are specified
calculate or
UTF-8 for letters.
ordinary
numbers,
store and ↓
display letters/
Binary code in UTF-8 01010011 = S
characters.
A = 01000001
B = 01000010
a = 01100001 Mathematical operations
b = 01100010
@ = 01000000
!
Computers only Decimal system
calculate with 0 converted to
and 1. binary system
G ↓
Von Neumann Calculated as binary
1.
Architecture - 1945 and transferred back
to decimal.
developed
↓ before
Computers couldn’t be
called Soft wares because
they were hardwired in.
Storing the computer
programs Laptops,
in a shared memory Game consoles and
Smartphones
(main memory) of the
computer together
with the data being ↳ ↑
breaks
processed. Instructions could now be # Quantum computer ↳
easily changed, which made
(re-)programming computers simultaneous
operations using
possible. quantum phenomena,
superposition
, Von Neumann - bus system
Architecture
!
arithmetic logical unit
integrated to CPU
! I input/output
(central processing unit)
memory control GPU (graphical)
are integrated
into modern
processors.
Memory - Stores binary Control unit - assumes the
coded data and First loading the
1
role of
!
Divided into programs. coordinator commands of a
Only one type. ALU of CPU program to be
executed from
Small areas
Source and destination the memory into
&
numbered
consecutively Allows data stored to be data the CPU
called up via their to be processed must be
with a unique
Most interconnected with Following correct
address. address order and
important interpreting them
elements of
the CPU
must be informed of
which calculations it
Arithmetic logical unit should carry out
3 ↳ has a number
binary system Input outputs units
of
Only component that executable
Interface bet ween the system and
performs calculations arithmetic
and logical
↓ it’s surrounding environment
Flow of incoming and
functions outgoing data and
mapped to simple binary operations
programs.
Communication with the user via screen,
that can be carried out quickly keyboard, mouse
Commutation with other systems via
system interfaces
Bus system
1
all data are ·
transferred over data transmission system Modern
the bus used by all units for bus
communication systems
work more
like a
point to
Bus speed = Computer speed point
net work
than a bus
Since the programs are also in a system
changeable memory,
rules and instructions for how data are
processed can be adapted without
having to exchange hardware.
Structure and Organisation of
Information Systems
-
1 bit
: Digital stores
info
binary form
↓ answers with info
-
- systems 1010
b all data
2 possibilities
stored in
a computer ↓ if not completed in 1
system require bit
manifest as sequences
sequences of
1 and 0.
All processors and chips are
↓
Processed
by constructed on this basis.
CPU
Used to form
complex circuits
Boolean Operations
- - among electrotechnical
assemblies.
algebraic structure
with 1 and O
plus operations
AND, OR, NOT
AND - t wo-digit operation. 2 Boolean values, X and Y to 1 if both values are 1. Other wise
evaluates to 0. Lamp lights up when both switches are in “on” position, if one is not then it
doesn’t.
OR - t wo-digit operation. Evaluates 2 Boolean values X and Y to 1 if at least one of the
values is 1. Lamp lights up when one switch is in “on” position, if both are “off” then it
doesn’t.
NOT - one input digit. Negates the value X to the other. If 1 is 0, the value 0 as 1.
Lamp lights up when the switch is in the “off” position, it doesn’t light up if it’s
in the “on” position.
, #11
X Y AND OR NOT
0 0 0 0 1
0 1 0 1 1
1 0 0 1 0
1 1 1 1 0
Storing numbers and letters -
Computer
ASCII Sequences
systems also - -g are specified
calculate or
UTF-8 for letters.
ordinary
numbers,
store and ↓
display letters/
Binary code in UTF-8 01010011 = S
characters.
A = 01000001
B = 01000010
a = 01100001 Mathematical operations
b = 01100010
@ = 01000000
!
Computers only Decimal system
calculate with 0 converted to
and 1. binary system
G ↓
Von Neumann Calculated as binary
1.
Architecture - 1945 and transferred back
to decimal.
developed
↓ before
Computers couldn’t be
called Soft wares because
they were hardwired in.
Storing the computer
programs Laptops,
in a shared memory Game consoles and
Smartphones
(main memory) of the
computer together
with the data being ↳ ↑
breaks
processed. Instructions could now be # Quantum computer ↳
easily changed, which made
(re-)programming computers simultaneous
operations using
possible. quantum phenomena,
superposition
, Von Neumann - bus system
Architecture
!
arithmetic logical unit
integrated to CPU
! I input/output
(central processing unit)
memory control GPU (graphical)
are integrated
into modern
processors.
Memory - Stores binary Control unit - assumes the
coded data and First loading the
1
role of
!
Divided into programs. coordinator commands of a
Only one type. ALU of CPU program to be
executed from
Small areas
Source and destination the memory into
&
numbered
consecutively Allows data stored to be data the CPU
called up via their to be processed must be
with a unique
Most interconnected with Following correct
address. address order and
important interpreting them
elements of
the CPU
must be informed of
which calculations it
Arithmetic logical unit should carry out
3 ↳ has a number
binary system Input outputs units
of
Only component that executable
Interface bet ween the system and
performs calculations arithmetic
and logical
↓ it’s surrounding environment
Flow of incoming and
functions outgoing data and
mapped to simple binary operations
programs.
Communication with the user via screen,
that can be carried out quickly keyboard, mouse
Commutation with other systems via
system interfaces
Bus system
1
all data are ·
transferred over data transmission system Modern
the bus used by all units for bus
communication systems
work more
like a
point to
Bus speed = Computer speed point
net work
than a bus
Since the programs are also in a system
changeable memory,
rules and instructions for how data are
processed can be adapted without
having to exchange hardware.
