,genes, triplet code, DNA, chromosomes
Gene section DNA that contain coded info bases making polypeptides &
of .
as
specific sequences of for
functional RNACERNA & RNA)
polypeptidechain proteins enzymesallchemical
code reatinas
CalungOrAminoacidsequence
·
=
genes
↳
·
locus location of gene on the DNA molecule
codon sequence 3 consecutive nucleotides (triplets) that code amino acid
of for a
specific
·
exons
coding introns non-coding
·
The Genetic Code
-must be min 3 bases that code each amino acid
of .
for
onmino and regular ou
bases DNA
· each haveown code = codes inadequate
must its on
,
Features The Genetic Code
of
triplets
- 64 possible some amino acids coded
for by 2-6 triplets degenerate code =
triplet always read in one direction along DNA strand
starto DNA sequence =
always Methionine Triplet
m
if
not part of final polypeptide ,
later removed
stop codes 3 introns ends tide chain
a b pe abc def
=
code is non-overlapping (EG :
,
code is universal same
for
all
organisms (few minor exceptions -
indirect evidence
for
evolution
-
in
Eukaryotes DNA wound around histones forms chromosomes
,
-
-
chromosomes only visible when cell dividing otherwise dispersed throughout nucleus
,
↳ seen two chromatids (give identical DNA molecules) joined by centromere doe to DNA replication
as
↳
This DNA is held together by histones highly coiled in DNA- histone complex before a
,
being further coiled & pacted into chromosome one condensed DNA strand as
↳ each (locus) along the DNA molecule
gene occupies specific position
a
Homologous Chromosomes
Homologous Pairs
sexually reproduced organisms
are a result of the maternal chromosomes & paternal
chromosomes coming together
·
total no .
=
diploid (EG : humans 46)
·
always same 2 chromosomes that carry same genes ,
but not necessarily same allele
-
During meiosis
, halving no .
of
chromosomes each daughter cell recieves one chromosome from
each homologus pair Frecieves chromosome from each homologous per
Alleles
Allele alternate each gene exists 2 Cor more
form of gene ,
an a in
·
each individual inherits one allele from each parent may be I
same or
different (due to change in base
sequence Amino acid sequence
-
mutation)
, structure of RNA
Genome complete set
of genes
in an
organism
Cincl . Mitochondria & chloroplasts
Proteome full range of proteins produced by the genome
sometimes called complete proteome
·
r
proteome here proteins produced by
F
type cell under certain set conditions
a
given of
a
of
protein synthesis the cytoplasm sections of DNA code transcribed onto RNA
-
since occurs in are
,
mRNA
messenger
RNA , transfers DNA code
from
nucleus to cytoplasm as small enough to leave through nuclear pores
o
long strand in single helix; IOOOs of mononucleotides
·
base determined by
sequence
bases in DNA in transcriptions
sequence of
template for protein synthesis & possesses codons
·
in
info .
form of
ERNA transfer RNA , many types ,
each binds to specific amino acid
8
long strand single ,
helix
folded into
alover-leagshape ; around 80 nucleotides
·
opposite end of acid binding site
amino
anticodon sequence 3
specific organic bases
=
of
complementary to codon on mRNA
rRNA ribosomal RNA
anticodon-I
Comparing DNA mRNA ERNA
, ,
II
DNA mRNA tRNA
--
-
double polynucleotide chain -
single polypeptide chain -
single polypeptide chain
largest molecule of the 3 smallest molecule of 3
- -
double-helix molecule (except o clover-shaped
singlehelix
-
-
in a virus
jew
deoxyribose pentose sugar pentose ribose pentose sugar
-
-
sugar
-
A 1 - C- 6-
,
-
A U
-
,
C G -
-
A U -
C G
-
,
mostly in nucleus throughout cell
activity Windthroughoutc/
-found
-
-quantity constant all cells in
-
quantity varies w/metabolic l metabolic activity
Lexcept gametes
-chemically very stable -
less stable than DNA & +RNA,
individual molecules usually broken
down in a
Jew days
-
hydrogen bonds
Gene section DNA that contain coded info bases making polypeptides &
of .
as
specific sequences of for
functional RNACERNA & RNA)
polypeptidechain proteins enzymesallchemical
code reatinas
CalungOrAminoacidsequence
·
=
genes
↳
·
locus location of gene on the DNA molecule
codon sequence 3 consecutive nucleotides (triplets) that code amino acid
of for a
specific
·
exons
coding introns non-coding
·
The Genetic Code
-must be min 3 bases that code each amino acid
of .
for
onmino and regular ou
bases DNA
· each haveown code = codes inadequate
must its on
,
Features The Genetic Code
of
triplets
- 64 possible some amino acids coded
for by 2-6 triplets degenerate code =
triplet always read in one direction along DNA strand
starto DNA sequence =
always Methionine Triplet
m
if
not part of final polypeptide ,
later removed
stop codes 3 introns ends tide chain
a b pe abc def
=
code is non-overlapping (EG :
,
code is universal same
for
all
organisms (few minor exceptions -
indirect evidence
for
evolution
-
in
Eukaryotes DNA wound around histones forms chromosomes
,
-
-
chromosomes only visible when cell dividing otherwise dispersed throughout nucleus
,
↳ seen two chromatids (give identical DNA molecules) joined by centromere doe to DNA replication
as
↳
This DNA is held together by histones highly coiled in DNA- histone complex before a
,
being further coiled & pacted into chromosome one condensed DNA strand as
↳ each (locus) along the DNA molecule
gene occupies specific position
a
Homologous Chromosomes
Homologous Pairs
sexually reproduced organisms
are a result of the maternal chromosomes & paternal
chromosomes coming together
·
total no .
=
diploid (EG : humans 46)
·
always same 2 chromosomes that carry same genes ,
but not necessarily same allele
-
During meiosis
, halving no .
of
chromosomes each daughter cell recieves one chromosome from
each homologus pair Frecieves chromosome from each homologous per
Alleles
Allele alternate each gene exists 2 Cor more
form of gene ,
an a in
·
each individual inherits one allele from each parent may be I
same or
different (due to change in base
sequence Amino acid sequence
-
mutation)
, structure of RNA
Genome complete set
of genes
in an
organism
Cincl . Mitochondria & chloroplasts
Proteome full range of proteins produced by the genome
sometimes called complete proteome
·
r
proteome here proteins produced by
F
type cell under certain set conditions
a
given of
a
of
protein synthesis the cytoplasm sections of DNA code transcribed onto RNA
-
since occurs in are
,
mRNA
messenger
RNA , transfers DNA code
from
nucleus to cytoplasm as small enough to leave through nuclear pores
o
long strand in single helix; IOOOs of mononucleotides
·
base determined by
sequence
bases in DNA in transcriptions
sequence of
template for protein synthesis & possesses codons
·
in
info .
form of
ERNA transfer RNA , many types ,
each binds to specific amino acid
8
long strand single ,
helix
folded into
alover-leagshape ; around 80 nucleotides
·
opposite end of acid binding site
amino
anticodon sequence 3
specific organic bases
=
of
complementary to codon on mRNA
rRNA ribosomal RNA
anticodon-I
Comparing DNA mRNA ERNA
, ,
II
DNA mRNA tRNA
--
-
double polynucleotide chain -
single polypeptide chain -
single polypeptide chain
largest molecule of the 3 smallest molecule of 3
- -
double-helix molecule (except o clover-shaped
singlehelix
-
-
in a virus
jew
deoxyribose pentose sugar pentose ribose pentose sugar
-
-
sugar
-
A 1 - C- 6-
,
-
A U
-
,
C G -
-
A U -
C G
-
,
mostly in nucleus throughout cell
activity Windthroughoutc/
-found
-
-quantity constant all cells in
-
quantity varies w/metabolic l metabolic activity
Lexcept gametes
-chemically very stable -
less stable than DNA & +RNA,
individual molecules usually broken
down in a
Jew days
-
hydrogen bonds
