• transports gases, nutrients, hormones & metabolic waves
• regulates composition of interstitial fluid (bathes cells) ⟹ e.g., pH, ions, water, etc.
• restricts fluid loss at injury sites via blood clotting
what are the • defends against toxins & pathogens
1.1 • regulates body temp by absorbing & redistributing heat
functions of blood?
• blood is composed of four main parts:
1) plasma: the liquid carrier (~55%)
2) RBCs (erythrocytes): carry oxygen
3) WBCs (leukocytes): fight infection
4) platelets (thrombocytes)
• hematocrit = % of total blood volume occupied by packaged (centrifuged) RBCs
⤷ normal ⟹ males: 40-54%
⤷ normal ⟹ females: 37-47%
what are the
2.1 constituents of
blood?
• plasma:
⤷ ~92% water
⤷ ~8% solutes (ions, proteins, nutrients, wastes)
⤷ an extracellular fluid (ECF)
⤷ proteins constitute ~7%; ~60% of plasma proteins are albumin
3.1 what is plasma?
• generally generate colloid osmotic pressure & buffer pH
• specifically:
what are the ⤷ albumins: colloid osmotic pressure & carriers (e.g., of hormones)
4.1 functions of plasma
⤷ globulins α, β, γ: clotting factors, enzymes, carriers (e.g., of proteins) & antibodies
proteins?
⤷ fibrinogen (precursor): cleaved to form fibrin in blood clotting
⤷ transferrin:
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, • formed elements: the cellular components of blood included erythrocytes,
leukocytes & thrombocytes suspended in plasma
• lymphocytes (20-40%): adaptive immune cells
• monocytes (2-8%): large phagocytic leukocytes that circulate briefly in blood → then
migrate into tissues & differentiate into macrophages or dendritic cells (imp. for
phagocytosis)
• neutrophils (50-70%): most abundant leukocyte that is highly phagocytic
• eosinophils (1-4%): specialize in parasitic infection defensive & allergic/asthmatic
responses
• basophils (>1%): least abundant leukocyte involved in allergic/inflammatory responses
what are the formed & release histamine, heparin & cytokines
5.1
elements in blood? • phagocytes: cells that engulf & digest pathogens or debris
• granulocytes: leukocytes containing visible cytoplasmic granules
what is a differential • differential white count: a lab measurement showing the relative %’s of each
6.1
white count? leukocyte subtype in blood
• in embryo: yolk sac, liver, spleen & bone marrow
• after birth: bone marrow
• adults: pelvis, spine, ribs, cranium, proximal end long bones
where do cells come
7.1
from?
• hematopoiesis: the process of blood formation
⤷ enabled by hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow
• in bone marrow:
⤷ 25% → developing erythrocytes ⟹ last longer than WBCs & last ~120 days (RBCs)
⤷ 75% → developing leukocytes
what is
8.1
hematopoiesis?
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https://www.coursehero.com/file/254056931/psl300l1pdf/
• regulates composition of interstitial fluid (bathes cells) ⟹ e.g., pH, ions, water, etc.
• restricts fluid loss at injury sites via blood clotting
what are the • defends against toxins & pathogens
1.1 • regulates body temp by absorbing & redistributing heat
functions of blood?
• blood is composed of four main parts:
1) plasma: the liquid carrier (~55%)
2) RBCs (erythrocytes): carry oxygen
3) WBCs (leukocytes): fight infection
4) platelets (thrombocytes)
• hematocrit = % of total blood volume occupied by packaged (centrifuged) RBCs
⤷ normal ⟹ males: 40-54%
⤷ normal ⟹ females: 37-47%
what are the
2.1 constituents of
blood?
• plasma:
⤷ ~92% water
⤷ ~8% solutes (ions, proteins, nutrients, wastes)
⤷ an extracellular fluid (ECF)
⤷ proteins constitute ~7%; ~60% of plasma proteins are albumin
3.1 what is plasma?
• generally generate colloid osmotic pressure & buffer pH
• specifically:
what are the ⤷ albumins: colloid osmotic pressure & carriers (e.g., of hormones)
4.1 functions of plasma
⤷ globulins α, β, γ: clotting factors, enzymes, carriers (e.g., of proteins) & antibodies
proteins?
⤷ fibrinogen (precursor): cleaved to form fibrin in blood clotting
⤷ transferrin:
This study source was downloaded by 100000900703063 iron transport
from CourseHero.com on 02-13-2026 10:28:58 GMT -06:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/254056931/psl300l1pdf/
, • formed elements: the cellular components of blood included erythrocytes,
leukocytes & thrombocytes suspended in plasma
• lymphocytes (20-40%): adaptive immune cells
• monocytes (2-8%): large phagocytic leukocytes that circulate briefly in blood → then
migrate into tissues & differentiate into macrophages or dendritic cells (imp. for
phagocytosis)
• neutrophils (50-70%): most abundant leukocyte that is highly phagocytic
• eosinophils (1-4%): specialize in parasitic infection defensive & allergic/asthmatic
responses
• basophils (>1%): least abundant leukocyte involved in allergic/inflammatory responses
what are the formed & release histamine, heparin & cytokines
5.1
elements in blood? • phagocytes: cells that engulf & digest pathogens or debris
• granulocytes: leukocytes containing visible cytoplasmic granules
what is a differential • differential white count: a lab measurement showing the relative %’s of each
6.1
white count? leukocyte subtype in blood
• in embryo: yolk sac, liver, spleen & bone marrow
• after birth: bone marrow
• adults: pelvis, spine, ribs, cranium, proximal end long bones
where do cells come
7.1
from?
• hematopoiesis: the process of blood formation
⤷ enabled by hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow
• in bone marrow:
⤷ 25% → developing erythrocytes ⟹ last longer than WBCs & last ~120 days (RBCs)
⤷ 75% → developing leukocytes
what is
8.1
hematopoiesis?
This study source was downloaded by 100000900703063 from CourseHero.com on 02-13-2026 10:28:58 GMT -06:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/254056931/psl300l1pdf/
