LEHNE PHARMACOLOGY FULL CHAPTER
STUDY RESOURCE CHAPTERS 1 TO 110
INCLUDING LEARNING QUESTIONS AND
RATIONALES
©Enhances transmission at inhibitory synapses
Depresses transmission at excitatory synapses
Except for nitrous oxide, all of the agents used today enhance the
activation of receptors for gamma-aminobutyric acid, which is the
principal inhibitory transmitter in the central nervous system (CNS) -
Molecular mechanism of action of Inhalation Anesthetics
©The minimum concentration of drug in the alveolar air that will
produce immobility in 50% of patients exposed to a painful stimulus -
Minimum alveolar concentration
©Analgesics, CNS depressants, and CNS stimulants can influence the
amount of anesthetic required to produce anesthesia
,Opioids allow for a reduction
CNS depressants add to the depressant effects of anesthesia - Drug
Interactions of General Anesthetics
©Preanesthetic medications - Given to reduce anxiety, produce
perioperative amnesia, and relieve preoperative and postoperative pain
©skeletal muscle relaxation - What do surgical procedures require?
©Neuromuscular blocking agents - reduce amount of anesthesia needed
and prevent contraction of all skeletal muscles, including diaphragm and
muscles of respiration (flaccid paralysis)
©Analgesics
Antiemetics
Muscarinic antagonists
Halothane
Enflurane
Desflurane
Sevoflurane
, Nitrous oxide
Obsolete inhalation anesthetics - Examples of Postanesthetic
Medications
©High-potency anesthetic
Time course: Smooth and relatively rapid
Weak analgesia
Muscle relaxation generally inadequate for surgery - Anesthetic
Properties of Halothane
©Hypotension
Respiratory depression
Promotion of dysrhythmias
Malignant hyperthermia
Hepatotoxicity - Adverse Effects of Halothane
©60% to 80% by lungs; 20% hepatic - Elimination of Halothane
©Isoflurane [Forane] - Prototype of the volatile inhalation anesthetics
Acts quickly
Induction is usually produced with propofol
STUDY RESOURCE CHAPTERS 1 TO 110
INCLUDING LEARNING QUESTIONS AND
RATIONALES
©Enhances transmission at inhibitory synapses
Depresses transmission at excitatory synapses
Except for nitrous oxide, all of the agents used today enhance the
activation of receptors for gamma-aminobutyric acid, which is the
principal inhibitory transmitter in the central nervous system (CNS) -
Molecular mechanism of action of Inhalation Anesthetics
©The minimum concentration of drug in the alveolar air that will
produce immobility in 50% of patients exposed to a painful stimulus -
Minimum alveolar concentration
©Analgesics, CNS depressants, and CNS stimulants can influence the
amount of anesthetic required to produce anesthesia
,Opioids allow for a reduction
CNS depressants add to the depressant effects of anesthesia - Drug
Interactions of General Anesthetics
©Preanesthetic medications - Given to reduce anxiety, produce
perioperative amnesia, and relieve preoperative and postoperative pain
©skeletal muscle relaxation - What do surgical procedures require?
©Neuromuscular blocking agents - reduce amount of anesthesia needed
and prevent contraction of all skeletal muscles, including diaphragm and
muscles of respiration (flaccid paralysis)
©Analgesics
Antiemetics
Muscarinic antagonists
Halothane
Enflurane
Desflurane
Sevoflurane
, Nitrous oxide
Obsolete inhalation anesthetics - Examples of Postanesthetic
Medications
©High-potency anesthetic
Time course: Smooth and relatively rapid
Weak analgesia
Muscle relaxation generally inadequate for surgery - Anesthetic
Properties of Halothane
©Hypotension
Respiratory depression
Promotion of dysrhythmias
Malignant hyperthermia
Hepatotoxicity - Adverse Effects of Halothane
©60% to 80% by lungs; 20% hepatic - Elimination of Halothane
©Isoflurane [Forane] - Prototype of the volatile inhalation anesthetics
Acts quickly
Induction is usually produced with propofol
