SANS 410 Exam 2026 | Complete Cybersecurity Study Guide & Verified Answers
Industrial Control System (ICS) - (answer)A device, or set of devices, that manages, commands, directs,
or regulates the behavior of other devices or systems.
ICS technology drivers - (answer)Reliability, efficiency, safety, and ease of use.
Discrete Process - (answer)A process where a specified quantity of material moves as a unit between
workstations and each unit maintains it's unique identity.
Batch Process - (answer)A process that requires the mixing of raw materials, usually in a heated vessel.
Continuous Process - (answer)A physical system that is represented through variables that are smooth
an uninterrupted in time.
Hybrid Process - (answer)reactive systems that intermix discrete and continuous processes
Process Engineer - (answer)Designs the systems and processes used in the control environment.
Field Technician - (answer)Maintains and repairs field devices
Programmer - (answer)Implements the individual steps of the process code and deploys the code to the
controllers.
Operator - (answer)Works in the operations center remotely managing and controlling the process
Owner/Operators - (answer)Purchases and uses the system. responsible for safe operation and meeting
regulations.
Vendors - (answer)Manufacture equipment and software
,SANS 410 Exam 2026 | Complete Cybersecurity Study Guide & Verified Answers
Integrator - (answer)Design, configure, test, train, and refresh systems.
Government - (answer)Implement guidance and regulation
programmable logic controller (PLC) - (answer)Computer based, solid-state devices that control
industrial equipment and processes.
Remote terminal unit (RTU) - (answer)Is installed to report local system information and otherwise
communicate with the upstream supervisory system. Connection typically made using RS-232 or RS-485
Intelligent Electronic Device (IED) - (answer)Used in the power industry primarily, and have limited
function, but contain their own control logic and are usually micro-controller based.
Digital Protective Relay (DPR) - (answer)Contains a micro-controller with the specific purpose of
measuring voltages and currents to determining whether a fault in the system exists.
Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) - (answer)Measure voltages and currents at principle intersecting
locations on a power grid and can output accurately timestamped voltage and current phasors.
Communication Gateway - (answer)Facilitates data acquitting, storage, transmission and protocol
conversion though the industrial data network. Widely used to apply timestamp data to logs for locally
connected RTUs
Communication Modules - (answer)Connect FEP into networks of intelligent electronic devices (IED)
such as modbus or PROFIBUS.
Real Time Operating System (RTOS) - (answer)Runs on an embedded device and is specialized in running
programs with specific scheduling paradigm.
Microkernels - (answer)Responsible for Inter-process Communication (IPC), virtual memory, and
scheduling.
, SANS 410 Exam 2026 | Complete Cybersecurity Study Guide & Verified Answers
Ladder Diagram (Ladder logic) - (answer)Relay logic displays and drawings and was written to be
understood by technicians. Operates on rules rather than producers or functions.
Each pass over is called a scan, and it occurs many times per second.
Function Block Diagram (FBD) - (answer)Uses a series of blocks with a purpose and inputs and outputs
strung together. The order by which the blocks executes depends on the Vendor.
Structured Text (ST) - (answer)A Series of instructions to include statements implemented by a vendors
use of an editor, such as programming languages like C.
Instruction List(IL) - (answer)Similar to assembly language, this is a very low level language that executes
quickly and takes up less space.
Sequential Function Chart (SFC) - (answer)Steps from top to bottom of instructions, executing
commands and transitions wait for conditions to be true to move forward.
Cyber Impact (PLC) - (answer)Can include disruption to communications to the device, changing
configuration for accessing the device, modifying applications, and manipulating firmware.
Control Loop Theory - (answer)Used for calculating and controlling an environment or process based on
feedback.
PID Controller Theory - (answer)Used to determine how to respond to the error.
Proportional Term - (answer)Part of PID Controller Theory, where a response proportional to the current
error value is applied.
Integral Term - (answer)Part of PID Controller Theory, where duration of an error and not just how far
off it is, is used to determine response.
Industrial Control System (ICS) - (answer)A device, or set of devices, that manages, commands, directs,
or regulates the behavior of other devices or systems.
ICS technology drivers - (answer)Reliability, efficiency, safety, and ease of use.
Discrete Process - (answer)A process where a specified quantity of material moves as a unit between
workstations and each unit maintains it's unique identity.
Batch Process - (answer)A process that requires the mixing of raw materials, usually in a heated vessel.
Continuous Process - (answer)A physical system that is represented through variables that are smooth
an uninterrupted in time.
Hybrid Process - (answer)reactive systems that intermix discrete and continuous processes
Process Engineer - (answer)Designs the systems and processes used in the control environment.
Field Technician - (answer)Maintains and repairs field devices
Programmer - (answer)Implements the individual steps of the process code and deploys the code to the
controllers.
Operator - (answer)Works in the operations center remotely managing and controlling the process
Owner/Operators - (answer)Purchases and uses the system. responsible for safe operation and meeting
regulations.
Vendors - (answer)Manufacture equipment and software
,SANS 410 Exam 2026 | Complete Cybersecurity Study Guide & Verified Answers
Integrator - (answer)Design, configure, test, train, and refresh systems.
Government - (answer)Implement guidance and regulation
programmable logic controller (PLC) - (answer)Computer based, solid-state devices that control
industrial equipment and processes.
Remote terminal unit (RTU) - (answer)Is installed to report local system information and otherwise
communicate with the upstream supervisory system. Connection typically made using RS-232 or RS-485
Intelligent Electronic Device (IED) - (answer)Used in the power industry primarily, and have limited
function, but contain their own control logic and are usually micro-controller based.
Digital Protective Relay (DPR) - (answer)Contains a micro-controller with the specific purpose of
measuring voltages and currents to determining whether a fault in the system exists.
Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) - (answer)Measure voltages and currents at principle intersecting
locations on a power grid and can output accurately timestamped voltage and current phasors.
Communication Gateway - (answer)Facilitates data acquitting, storage, transmission and protocol
conversion though the industrial data network. Widely used to apply timestamp data to logs for locally
connected RTUs
Communication Modules - (answer)Connect FEP into networks of intelligent electronic devices (IED)
such as modbus or PROFIBUS.
Real Time Operating System (RTOS) - (answer)Runs on an embedded device and is specialized in running
programs with specific scheduling paradigm.
Microkernels - (answer)Responsible for Inter-process Communication (IPC), virtual memory, and
scheduling.
, SANS 410 Exam 2026 | Complete Cybersecurity Study Guide & Verified Answers
Ladder Diagram (Ladder logic) - (answer)Relay logic displays and drawings and was written to be
understood by technicians. Operates on rules rather than producers or functions.
Each pass over is called a scan, and it occurs many times per second.
Function Block Diagram (FBD) - (answer)Uses a series of blocks with a purpose and inputs and outputs
strung together. The order by which the blocks executes depends on the Vendor.
Structured Text (ST) - (answer)A Series of instructions to include statements implemented by a vendors
use of an editor, such as programming languages like C.
Instruction List(IL) - (answer)Similar to assembly language, this is a very low level language that executes
quickly and takes up less space.
Sequential Function Chart (SFC) - (answer)Steps from top to bottom of instructions, executing
commands and transitions wait for conditions to be true to move forward.
Cyber Impact (PLC) - (answer)Can include disruption to communications to the device, changing
configuration for accessing the device, modifying applications, and manipulating firmware.
Control Loop Theory - (answer)Used for calculating and controlling an environment or process based on
feedback.
PID Controller Theory - (answer)Used to determine how to respond to the error.
Proportional Term - (answer)Part of PID Controller Theory, where a response proportional to the current
error value is applied.
Integral Term - (answer)Part of PID Controller Theory, where duration of an error and not just how far
off it is, is used to determine response.
