1
Pathophysiology Exam 2 Blueprint
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS |
GUARANTEED PASS | NEW
What is ventilation? - Correct Answer-The process of inspiration and
expiration of air through the pulmonary airways to the alveoli
What is oxygenation? - Correct Answer-The process of supplying
oxygen to the cells and tissues of the body
What is perfusion? - Correct Answer-The movement of blood through
the pulmonary circulation to the alveoli
What are the most common types of pneumonia and how are they
acquired? - Correct Answer-Community acquired: s. pneumoniae
Hospital acquired: MRSA or VRE
Ventilator associated: enterococcus
Aspiration pneumonia: when anaerobic bacteria (staph) is swallowed
from the oropharynx
Walking pneumonia: caused by living in close quarters and being
exposed to mycoplasma.
What are the risk factors of aspiration pneumonia? - Correct Answer-
Stroke
Dysphagia
Coma
Chronic gingivitis or periodontal disease
Alcohol intoxication
What are the general risk factors of pneumonia? - Correct Answer-
Current infection with influenza (or other respiratory viral infections)
Immunosuppressed patients (like HIV)
Smoking
Lung cancers or tumors
COPD
, 2
Bronchiectasis
Asthma
Atelectasis
What is the general prevention of pneumonia? - Correct Answer-
Pneumococcal vaccine
Smoking cessation
Social distancing
Preventing aspiration
Hand hygiene
What is the general treatment of pneumonia? - Correct Answer-
Antibiotic therapy
Oxygen therapy
IV fluids
Bronchodilators
Analgesia and Antipyretics
What is atelectasis?
What is the pathophysiology of atelectasis?
What is a consequence of atelectasis? - Correct Answer-Lung collapse
When a small number of alveoli collapses due to a variety of factors
inhibiting the alveoli from fully extending, resulting in a decrease in
gas exchange.
What is the etiology of atelectasis? - Correct Answer-Something is
inhibiting the alveoli from FULLY extending, resulting in them
collapsing caused by:
Some compressive force (tumors)
Pleural effusion
Postoperative respiratory depression
Shallow breaths and low RR
Obstruction of bronchioles
, 3
High amounts of supplemental O2
What is the treatment of atelectasis? Why does this treatment work? -
Correct Answer-Deep breath and cough
The force of the cough forces air into the alveoli to help them reinflate
What is the etiology of acute pharyngitis?
What are the symptoms? - Correct Answer-Etiology: Streptococcus
pyogenes (bacterial)
Swollen/red pharyngeal membranes
red/swollen tonsils
Tonsil covered in white exudate
Cervical lymph nodes swollen
Fever
Malaise
What is the etiology of acute sinusitis?
What are the symptoms? - Correct Answer-Etiology: Secondary to a
bacterial or viral infection of upper respiratory tract or allergies
Localized facial pain- worsens when bending over
Pressure over sinuses
Headache
Nasal obstruction
Purulent nasal discharge
Ear pain
Dental pain
Decreased sense of smell (hyposmia)
What is the etiology of acute tonsillitis?
, 4
What are the symptoms? - Correct Answer-Etiology: GABHS or a
virus such as: EBV, adenovirus, Herpes simplex virus,
cytomegalovirus
Redness/swelling of tonsils
Abscesses present called "quinsys"
Results in difficulty swallowing
What is the etiology of an inflamed epiglottis?
What are the symptoms? - Correct Answer-Etiology: Respiratory
infections, chemical substances, trauma, strep pneumonia, h.
influenzae, parainfluenza, varicella-zoster, herpes simplex 1, staph
aureus
Symptoms: Difficulty breathing, stridor
What is the etiology of laryngitis and tracheitis?
What are the symptoms in both? - Correct Answer-Etiology: viral in
nature but Haemophilus influenzae can cause this.
High pitched cough = larynx
Raspy cough or stridor = tracheal
High pitched inhalations
Pleuritic chest pain
Clear sputum
Cough
What are the different pulmonary function tests that measure lung
volumes? - Correct Answer-Forced vital capacity
Forced expiratory volume
Peak expiratory flow
Total lung capacity
Functional residual capacity
Residual volume
Tidal volume
Pathophysiology Exam 2 Blueprint
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS |
GUARANTEED PASS | NEW
What is ventilation? - Correct Answer-The process of inspiration and
expiration of air through the pulmonary airways to the alveoli
What is oxygenation? - Correct Answer-The process of supplying
oxygen to the cells and tissues of the body
What is perfusion? - Correct Answer-The movement of blood through
the pulmonary circulation to the alveoli
What are the most common types of pneumonia and how are they
acquired? - Correct Answer-Community acquired: s. pneumoniae
Hospital acquired: MRSA or VRE
Ventilator associated: enterococcus
Aspiration pneumonia: when anaerobic bacteria (staph) is swallowed
from the oropharynx
Walking pneumonia: caused by living in close quarters and being
exposed to mycoplasma.
What are the risk factors of aspiration pneumonia? - Correct Answer-
Stroke
Dysphagia
Coma
Chronic gingivitis or periodontal disease
Alcohol intoxication
What are the general risk factors of pneumonia? - Correct Answer-
Current infection with influenza (or other respiratory viral infections)
Immunosuppressed patients (like HIV)
Smoking
Lung cancers or tumors
COPD
, 2
Bronchiectasis
Asthma
Atelectasis
What is the general prevention of pneumonia? - Correct Answer-
Pneumococcal vaccine
Smoking cessation
Social distancing
Preventing aspiration
Hand hygiene
What is the general treatment of pneumonia? - Correct Answer-
Antibiotic therapy
Oxygen therapy
IV fluids
Bronchodilators
Analgesia and Antipyretics
What is atelectasis?
What is the pathophysiology of atelectasis?
What is a consequence of atelectasis? - Correct Answer-Lung collapse
When a small number of alveoli collapses due to a variety of factors
inhibiting the alveoli from fully extending, resulting in a decrease in
gas exchange.
What is the etiology of atelectasis? - Correct Answer-Something is
inhibiting the alveoli from FULLY extending, resulting in them
collapsing caused by:
Some compressive force (tumors)
Pleural effusion
Postoperative respiratory depression
Shallow breaths and low RR
Obstruction of bronchioles
, 3
High amounts of supplemental O2
What is the treatment of atelectasis? Why does this treatment work? -
Correct Answer-Deep breath and cough
The force of the cough forces air into the alveoli to help them reinflate
What is the etiology of acute pharyngitis?
What are the symptoms? - Correct Answer-Etiology: Streptococcus
pyogenes (bacterial)
Swollen/red pharyngeal membranes
red/swollen tonsils
Tonsil covered in white exudate
Cervical lymph nodes swollen
Fever
Malaise
What is the etiology of acute sinusitis?
What are the symptoms? - Correct Answer-Etiology: Secondary to a
bacterial or viral infection of upper respiratory tract or allergies
Localized facial pain- worsens when bending over
Pressure over sinuses
Headache
Nasal obstruction
Purulent nasal discharge
Ear pain
Dental pain
Decreased sense of smell (hyposmia)
What is the etiology of acute tonsillitis?
, 4
What are the symptoms? - Correct Answer-Etiology: GABHS or a
virus such as: EBV, adenovirus, Herpes simplex virus,
cytomegalovirus
Redness/swelling of tonsils
Abscesses present called "quinsys"
Results in difficulty swallowing
What is the etiology of an inflamed epiglottis?
What are the symptoms? - Correct Answer-Etiology: Respiratory
infections, chemical substances, trauma, strep pneumonia, h.
influenzae, parainfluenza, varicella-zoster, herpes simplex 1, staph
aureus
Symptoms: Difficulty breathing, stridor
What is the etiology of laryngitis and tracheitis?
What are the symptoms in both? - Correct Answer-Etiology: viral in
nature but Haemophilus influenzae can cause this.
High pitched cough = larynx
Raspy cough or stridor = tracheal
High pitched inhalations
Pleuritic chest pain
Clear sputum
Cough
What are the different pulmonary function tests that measure lung
volumes? - Correct Answer-Forced vital capacity
Forced expiratory volume
Peak expiratory flow
Total lung capacity
Functional residual capacity
Residual volume
Tidal volume
