CRIMINOLOGY UNIT 3 NOTES FINAL PAPER
2026 COMPLETE ANSWERS VERIFIED
◉ George Herbert Mead (1934). Answer: main theorist of symbolic
interactionism
◉ looking glass self. Answer: observing your behavior from other
people's perspective
◉ labeling theory. Answer: people enter into law-violating careers
when they are labeled for their acts and organize their personalities
around those labels
◉ Lemert (1951). Answer: main theorist of labeling theory
◉ Two questions with which labeling theory is concerned. Answer:
(1) How does society label some people and their behavior as
deviant?
(2) What affects do those labels have on the future lives and
behaviors of those who have been labeled?
◉ primary deviance. Answer: initial act of deviance
,◉ secondary deviance. Answer: acts that result in getting caught,
punished, and labeled by society
◉ status degradation ceremony. Answer: when one is publicly
declared a criminal
◉ labeling process (8 steps). Answer: 1) primary deviant act
2) social reaction
3) negative label
4) degradation ceremony
5) self-labeling
6) association with a deviant subculture
7) deviance amplification
8) secondary deviance
◉ Sykes and Matza (1957). Answer: theorists of neutralization
techniques
◉ Techniques of Neutralization (ways of crime justification) - 5.
Answer: 1) denial of responsibility
2) denial of injury (no one was hurt)
3) denial of victim (victimless crime)
, 4) condemnation of the condemners (when the people punishing
you are hypocrites)
5) appeal to higher loyalties (social group has more influence than
the law)
◉ seductions of crime. Answer: people engage in crime because of
the excitement involved, and people can control situations they
otherwise couldn't
◉ Katz (1988). Answer: theorist of crime seductions
◉ Social Reaction Theories. Answer: theorizes that society creates
crime by passing laws; societies define deviance by declaring certain
behaviors to be "bad", and these behaviors vary from time to time
and place to place
◉ Controlology. Answer: fundamental idea of the criminal justice
system is not to punish or deter criminals, but to manifest state
power; state attempts to maintain its legitimacy by packaging
control efforts so that they appear reasonable, humane, and
necessary
◉ policy implications of labeling theory. Answer: 1)
deinstitutionalization
2) diversion away from the criminal justice system
2026 COMPLETE ANSWERS VERIFIED
◉ George Herbert Mead (1934). Answer: main theorist of symbolic
interactionism
◉ looking glass self. Answer: observing your behavior from other
people's perspective
◉ labeling theory. Answer: people enter into law-violating careers
when they are labeled for their acts and organize their personalities
around those labels
◉ Lemert (1951). Answer: main theorist of labeling theory
◉ Two questions with which labeling theory is concerned. Answer:
(1) How does society label some people and their behavior as
deviant?
(2) What affects do those labels have on the future lives and
behaviors of those who have been labeled?
◉ primary deviance. Answer: initial act of deviance
,◉ secondary deviance. Answer: acts that result in getting caught,
punished, and labeled by society
◉ status degradation ceremony. Answer: when one is publicly
declared a criminal
◉ labeling process (8 steps). Answer: 1) primary deviant act
2) social reaction
3) negative label
4) degradation ceremony
5) self-labeling
6) association with a deviant subculture
7) deviance amplification
8) secondary deviance
◉ Sykes and Matza (1957). Answer: theorists of neutralization
techniques
◉ Techniques of Neutralization (ways of crime justification) - 5.
Answer: 1) denial of responsibility
2) denial of injury (no one was hurt)
3) denial of victim (victimless crime)
, 4) condemnation of the condemners (when the people punishing
you are hypocrites)
5) appeal to higher loyalties (social group has more influence than
the law)
◉ seductions of crime. Answer: people engage in crime because of
the excitement involved, and people can control situations they
otherwise couldn't
◉ Katz (1988). Answer: theorist of crime seductions
◉ Social Reaction Theories. Answer: theorizes that society creates
crime by passing laws; societies define deviance by declaring certain
behaviors to be "bad", and these behaviors vary from time to time
and place to place
◉ Controlology. Answer: fundamental idea of the criminal justice
system is not to punish or deter criminals, but to manifest state
power; state attempts to maintain its legitimacy by packaging
control efforts so that they appear reasonable, humane, and
necessary
◉ policy implications of labeling theory. Answer: 1)
deinstitutionalization
2) diversion away from the criminal justice system
