决战 resit 笔记
第一节 Power of the Media: Watchdogs or lapdogs?
1. 仅仅 communication 的定义
Harold D. Lasswell："Who says what, to whom, in what channel, with
what effect?"
2. 对 political communication 的定义
Doris A. Graber: The study of the production, dissemination,
processing, and effects of information, both through communication
channels that are directly political and through communication
channels that are not directly political"
：对生产，传播，处理，效果的研究，渠道是 or 不是表面政治渠道
Brian McNair:“The communication processes, strategies, techniques,
and media through which individuals and groups take part in the
formation, implementation, and contestation of public policy."
：传播过程帮助人们加入公共政策，制定执行挑战
David L. Swanson and Dan Nimmo：The role of communication in the
political process, with emphasis on the effects that media, messages,
and channels have on political behaviour, and the ways in which
political actors use media to influence one another and the public.
：媒体那些东西怎么影响人们政治行为的
James W. Carey：The transmission 传递 of messages and symbols for the
purpose of influencing the attitudes and behaviours of various publics.
：信息和符号怎么改变态度和行为
,3. 在数字时代的表
governance 是管理方式的意思
4. 政治斗争不公平
（1）Most political contests are unequal: including the powerful and
the challengers
,（2）The political environment can have a major effect on the contest
over the various forms of media: type of government and level of
democracy and media intervention
（3）Political actors attempt to exploit 利用 these various forms of
media to influence others
（4）Audiences are not passive recipients of messages
5. 五个政治与媒体的准则
（1）“Political power can usually be translated into power over all forms
of media” (Wolfsfeld, 2022, Chapter 1)
（2）“When the powerful lose control over the political environment,
they also lose control over all forms of media” (Wolfsfeld, 2022, Chapter
2)
（3）
“Every political story that appears in every form of media is biased”
(Wolfsfeld, 2022, Chapter 3)
（4）“All forms of media are primarily dedicated to telling good stories,
which can often have a major impact on political processes” (Wolfsfeld,
2022, Chapter 4)
（5）“The media can get you when you are not paying attention”
(Wolfsfeld, 2022, Chapter 5)
6. 现在讲准则一，政治权利融入所有 media
（1）Media is biased in favour of the powerful: there is a competition
between governments and their opponents to be heard.
, ：in favour of（有偏向）powerful（有权利的人）
（2）The ability of weaker adversaries to be heard is a central
component
of any healthy democracy
（3）Media “obsession” with elites limits the range of political
discourse
(elites also get more positive coverage)
: obsession 过度成迷 让可以看到的 political 信息范围缩小
（4）The media is biased towards the incumbent: those without political
power find themselves in a very difficult position with regards to the
traditional news media.
：incumbent 权贵
7. 三个 main door into news
（1）The front door is reserved for those with political power—these
actors gain media access more easily and typically receive more
favourable coverage. Cumulative 权利者
（2）The back door represents the route for weaker political actors, who
must find alternative ways to become newsworthy. 弱势行动者 / 爆料者
（3）The side door involves civil disobedience or dramatic action that
attracts attention without sacrificing legitimacy. 反对者 / 社会运动
第一节 Power of the Media: Watchdogs or lapdogs?
1. 仅仅 communication 的定义
Harold D. Lasswell："Who says what, to whom, in what channel, with
what effect?"
2. 对 political communication 的定义
Doris A. Graber: The study of the production, dissemination,
processing, and effects of information, both through communication
channels that are directly political and through communication
channels that are not directly political"
：对生产，传播，处理，效果的研究，渠道是 or 不是表面政治渠道
Brian McNair:“The communication processes, strategies, techniques,
and media through which individuals and groups take part in the
formation, implementation, and contestation of public policy."
：传播过程帮助人们加入公共政策，制定执行挑战
David L. Swanson and Dan Nimmo：The role of communication in the
political process, with emphasis on the effects that media, messages,
and channels have on political behaviour, and the ways in which
political actors use media to influence one another and the public.
：媒体那些东西怎么影响人们政治行为的
James W. Carey：The transmission 传递 of messages and symbols for the
purpose of influencing the attitudes and behaviours of various publics.
：信息和符号怎么改变态度和行为
,3. 在数字时代的表
governance 是管理方式的意思
4. 政治斗争不公平
（1）Most political contests are unequal: including the powerful and
the challengers
,（2）The political environment can have a major effect on the contest
over the various forms of media: type of government and level of
democracy and media intervention
（3）Political actors attempt to exploit 利用 these various forms of
media to influence others
（4）Audiences are not passive recipients of messages
5. 五个政治与媒体的准则
（1）“Political power can usually be translated into power over all forms
of media” (Wolfsfeld, 2022, Chapter 1)
（2）“When the powerful lose control over the political environment,
they also lose control over all forms of media” (Wolfsfeld, 2022, Chapter
2)
（3）
“Every political story that appears in every form of media is biased”
(Wolfsfeld, 2022, Chapter 3)
（4）“All forms of media are primarily dedicated to telling good stories,
which can often have a major impact on political processes” (Wolfsfeld,
2022, Chapter 4)
（5）“The media can get you when you are not paying attention”
(Wolfsfeld, 2022, Chapter 5)
6. 现在讲准则一，政治权利融入所有 media
（1）Media is biased in favour of the powerful: there is a competition
between governments and their opponents to be heard.
, ：in favour of（有偏向）powerful（有权利的人）
（2）The ability of weaker adversaries to be heard is a central
component
of any healthy democracy
（3）Media “obsession” with elites limits the range of political
discourse
(elites also get more positive coverage)
: obsession 过度成迷 让可以看到的 political 信息范围缩小
（4）The media is biased towards the incumbent: those without political
power find themselves in a very difficult position with regards to the
traditional news media.
：incumbent 权贵
7. 三个 main door into news
（1）The front door is reserved for those with political power—these
actors gain media access more easily and typically receive more
favourable coverage. Cumulative 权利者
（2）The back door represents the route for weaker political actors, who
must find alternative ways to become newsworthy. 弱势行动者 / 爆料者
（3）The side door involves civil disobedience or dramatic action that
attracts attention without sacrificing legitimacy. 反对者 / 社会运动
