Rush - Advanced Pharmacology - NSG 531 - Exam 1 || A+
Verified.
Drug correct answers a substance intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment,
or prevention of disease and a substance, other than food, intended to affect the structure or any
function of the body
T/F most drugs are strong acids or strong bases correct answers F - most drugs are weak acids or
weak bases
what are the four things that the body does to a drug? correct answers 1. absorbs it
2. distributes it (think about it - most drugs don't have MOA in the stomach or GI tract, the body
distributes to where it acts)
3. biotransforms or metabolizes it
4. eliminates it
Pharmacokinetics correct answers what the body does to the drug
Describe absorption correct answers drugs that are given orally have to get out of the gut and
into circulation
in order to do that the drugs have to pass through cell membranes
this means there has to be some form of solubility for the drug to pass through the cell membrane
cell membranes are made of lipids
therefore drugs have to have some form of lipid solubility
What are cell membranes made of? correct answers phsopholipid bilayer
What is the only route of drug that does not have to pass through the cell membrane? correct
answers IV push - because it goes directly into circulation
What are the four mechanisms of transport across the cell membrane? correct answers 1. simple
diffusion
2. channel-mediated
3. carrier-mediated
4. Active Transport
Simple diffusion - what has to be true? correct answers -drug has to be lipid soluble
-there has to be a concentration gradient present
-if a drug is high in fat solubility it is not going to be very water soluble - these two properties
balance each other out
If a drug is high in lipid solubility and it is able to be transported by simple diffusion, what will
happen once it crosses the cell membrane? correct answers it may meet an aqueous solution and
because it is not highly water soluble it will need to bind to a carrier protein to be transported
throughout the circulation
,What are the channels in Channel mediated transport correct answers channels are two groups of
proteins on each side that create a pore in the cell membrane
how does channel mediated transport work? correct answers there are two groups of proteins on
each side that create a pore in the cell membrane
there is water within the pore/channel that the water soluble drug can go through and the protein
walls of the channel create a barrier from the lipid bilayer
How does carrier mediated transport work? correct answers -there is a carrier protein embedded
in the surface of the cell membrane that fits the drug that is trying to pass
-you have to have a complementary fit between the protein and the drug
-if it fits then it binds causing a conformation change
-the orientation of the protein flips over so that the open side of the protein is now on the
opposite side and the drug is transported to the other side of the cell membrane
-again a concentration gradient is needed
conformational change correct answers a change in how something is oriented
i.e. carrier-mediated transport where the protein accepts the drug, then flips, orienting the open
side of the protein to the opposite side of the cell membrane
what are the three types of passive transport correct answers simple diffusion, channel-mediated,
carrier-mediated
Does a lipid soluble or water soluble drug get absorbed more quickly? correct answers lipid
soluble
what does solubility of a drug depend on? correct answers -whether the drug is an acid or a base
-the pH of the environment in which the drug is located
what does pH measure? correct answers hydrogen ion concentration
pH = -log (H+)
what happens when you put an acidic drug in solution? correct answers it gives up its' hydrogen
ion and releases it into solution
what happens when you put a basic drug in solution? correct answers it accepts a hydrogen ion
sitting in solution
What is the equation for acid? correct answers HA --><-- H+ + A-
What is the equation for Base? correct answers BH+ --><-- B + H+
HA
is this acid associated or dissociated? correct answers associated - it has its' hydrogen ion
HA
, is this acid protonated or unprotonated? correct answers protonated - a hydrogen ion is a
positively charged particle and the positively charged particle is bound to it
H+ + A-
is this acid protonated or unprotonated? correct answers unprotonated - no longer bound to the
hydrogen ion
H+ + A-
is this acid associated or dissociated? correct answers dissociated - when the acid is dissociated it
picks up a charge
weak acids and weak bases are buffers, what does this mean? correct answers -if you take a weak
base buffer and put it in a highly acidic environment that buffer is going to pick up the excess
hydrogen ions and try to minimize the change in pH
-if the pH gets too alkaline or high, and you add a weak acid buffer, it will donate the hydrogen
ion to try and minimize the change in pH
Law of mass action correct answers if you increase the concentration of reactants in a chemical
reaction then you are increasing the rate of the reaction
Say you have a pH of 2 (such as in the stomach)
You add a weak acid, which way is the reaction favored? correct answers To the left to get us
more neutral
therefore this drug will exist as an example at 80% in a non-ionized uncharged protonated form
and 20% will exist in an ionized charged unprotonated dissociated form
Say we have a pH of 9 (such as in the distal reaches of the gut)
you add a weak acid, which way is the reaction favored? correct answers To the right to get us
more neutral
weak acid will act as a buffer donating hydrogen ion to neutralize the environmental pH
BH
is this Base protonated or unprotonated? Associated or dissociated? correct answers Protonated -
associated
B + H+
is this base protonated or unprotonated? Associated or dissociated? correct answers
Unprotonated dissociated
Let's say the pH of the environment is 4
you add a weak base as a buffer, which direction is the reaction favored? correct answers
Favored to the left - base will accept hydrogen to neutralize acidic environment
Let's say the pH of the environment is 8
you add a weak base as a buffer, which direction is the reaction favored? correct answers
Favored to the right - gives away its' hydrogen ion
Verified.
Drug correct answers a substance intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment,
or prevention of disease and a substance, other than food, intended to affect the structure or any
function of the body
T/F most drugs are strong acids or strong bases correct answers F - most drugs are weak acids or
weak bases
what are the four things that the body does to a drug? correct answers 1. absorbs it
2. distributes it (think about it - most drugs don't have MOA in the stomach or GI tract, the body
distributes to where it acts)
3. biotransforms or metabolizes it
4. eliminates it
Pharmacokinetics correct answers what the body does to the drug
Describe absorption correct answers drugs that are given orally have to get out of the gut and
into circulation
in order to do that the drugs have to pass through cell membranes
this means there has to be some form of solubility for the drug to pass through the cell membrane
cell membranes are made of lipids
therefore drugs have to have some form of lipid solubility
What are cell membranes made of? correct answers phsopholipid bilayer
What is the only route of drug that does not have to pass through the cell membrane? correct
answers IV push - because it goes directly into circulation
What are the four mechanisms of transport across the cell membrane? correct answers 1. simple
diffusion
2. channel-mediated
3. carrier-mediated
4. Active Transport
Simple diffusion - what has to be true? correct answers -drug has to be lipid soluble
-there has to be a concentration gradient present
-if a drug is high in fat solubility it is not going to be very water soluble - these two properties
balance each other out
If a drug is high in lipid solubility and it is able to be transported by simple diffusion, what will
happen once it crosses the cell membrane? correct answers it may meet an aqueous solution and
because it is not highly water soluble it will need to bind to a carrier protein to be transported
throughout the circulation
,What are the channels in Channel mediated transport correct answers channels are two groups of
proteins on each side that create a pore in the cell membrane
how does channel mediated transport work? correct answers there are two groups of proteins on
each side that create a pore in the cell membrane
there is water within the pore/channel that the water soluble drug can go through and the protein
walls of the channel create a barrier from the lipid bilayer
How does carrier mediated transport work? correct answers -there is a carrier protein embedded
in the surface of the cell membrane that fits the drug that is trying to pass
-you have to have a complementary fit between the protein and the drug
-if it fits then it binds causing a conformation change
-the orientation of the protein flips over so that the open side of the protein is now on the
opposite side and the drug is transported to the other side of the cell membrane
-again a concentration gradient is needed
conformational change correct answers a change in how something is oriented
i.e. carrier-mediated transport where the protein accepts the drug, then flips, orienting the open
side of the protein to the opposite side of the cell membrane
what are the three types of passive transport correct answers simple diffusion, channel-mediated,
carrier-mediated
Does a lipid soluble or water soluble drug get absorbed more quickly? correct answers lipid
soluble
what does solubility of a drug depend on? correct answers -whether the drug is an acid or a base
-the pH of the environment in which the drug is located
what does pH measure? correct answers hydrogen ion concentration
pH = -log (H+)
what happens when you put an acidic drug in solution? correct answers it gives up its' hydrogen
ion and releases it into solution
what happens when you put a basic drug in solution? correct answers it accepts a hydrogen ion
sitting in solution
What is the equation for acid? correct answers HA --><-- H+ + A-
What is the equation for Base? correct answers BH+ --><-- B + H+
HA
is this acid associated or dissociated? correct answers associated - it has its' hydrogen ion
HA
, is this acid protonated or unprotonated? correct answers protonated - a hydrogen ion is a
positively charged particle and the positively charged particle is bound to it
H+ + A-
is this acid protonated or unprotonated? correct answers unprotonated - no longer bound to the
hydrogen ion
H+ + A-
is this acid associated or dissociated? correct answers dissociated - when the acid is dissociated it
picks up a charge
weak acids and weak bases are buffers, what does this mean? correct answers -if you take a weak
base buffer and put it in a highly acidic environment that buffer is going to pick up the excess
hydrogen ions and try to minimize the change in pH
-if the pH gets too alkaline or high, and you add a weak acid buffer, it will donate the hydrogen
ion to try and minimize the change in pH
Law of mass action correct answers if you increase the concentration of reactants in a chemical
reaction then you are increasing the rate of the reaction
Say you have a pH of 2 (such as in the stomach)
You add a weak acid, which way is the reaction favored? correct answers To the left to get us
more neutral
therefore this drug will exist as an example at 80% in a non-ionized uncharged protonated form
and 20% will exist in an ionized charged unprotonated dissociated form
Say we have a pH of 9 (such as in the distal reaches of the gut)
you add a weak acid, which way is the reaction favored? correct answers To the right to get us
more neutral
weak acid will act as a buffer donating hydrogen ion to neutralize the environmental pH
BH
is this Base protonated or unprotonated? Associated or dissociated? correct answers Protonated -
associated
B + H+
is this base protonated or unprotonated? Associated or dissociated? correct answers
Unprotonated dissociated
Let's say the pH of the environment is 4
you add a weak base as a buffer, which direction is the reaction favored? correct answers
Favored to the left - base will accept hydrogen to neutralize acidic environment
Let's say the pH of the environment is 8
you add a weak base as a buffer, which direction is the reaction favored? correct answers
Favored to the right - gives away its' hydrogen ion
