,Chapter 1 Test A
ss ss ss
MULTIPLE s s CHOICE
INSTRUCTIONS: ssThe ssfollowing ssselections ssrelate ssto ssdistinguishing ssarguments ssfrom
ssnonarguments and ssidentifying ssconclusions. ssSelect ssthe ssbest ssanswer ssfor sseach.
nn
1. There ssappears ssto ssbe ssa ssgrowing sshappiness ssgap ssbetween ssmen ssand sswomen. ssWomen sstoday ssare
s s working more s s and ssrelaxing ssless, s s while s s men s s are s s working s s less s s and s s relaxing s s more.
nn
s s Forty s s years s s ago ssa sstypical sswoman ssspent ss40 ssminutes ssmore ssper ssweek ssthan ssthe sstypical ssman
ssperforming ssan ssactivity s s considered s s unpleasant. ssToday, s s with s s men s s working ssless, ssthe
ssgap s s is s s 90 s s minutes s s and s s growing.
a. Argument; s s conclusion: ssToday ss... s s the s s gap s s is s s 90 s s minutes s s and s s growing.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; s s conclusion: s s Forty s s years ss ago s s ... s s an ssactivity ssconsidered s s unpleasant.
d. Argument; s s conclusion: ssThere s s appears ssto s s be s s ... ssbetween ssmen s s and s s women.
e. Argument; ssconclusion: ssWomen sstoday ssare ssworking ssmore ssand
ssrelaxing ssless.ANS: D PTS: s s 2
2. Lead ssis sstoxic, ssbut s s do s s you ssknow sswhy? s s Lead ssis sstoxic ssmainly ssbecause ssit sspreferentially
ssreplaces s s other ssmetals ssin ssbiochemical ssreactions. ssIn ssso ssdoing ssit ssinterferes sswith ssthe ssproteins
ssthat ssregulate ssblood s s pressure(which s s can s s cause s s development s s delays s s in s s children s s and
s s high s s blood s s pressure s s in s s adults), ssheme s s production (which s s can s s lead s s to s s anemia), s s and
nn
s s sperm s s production. s s Lead s s also s s displaces s s calcium ssin ssthe ssreactions ssthat sstransmit sselectrical
ssimpulses ssin ssthe ssbrain, sswhich ssdiminishes ssthe ssability ssto ssthink s s and ssrecall ssinformation.
Anne s s Marie s s Helmstine, ss"Your s s Guide s s to ss Chemistry"
a. Argument; s s conclusion: s s It s s interferes s s with ssthe ss proteins s s ... ssand s s sperm ssproduction.
b. Argument; s s conclusion: s s Lead s s is sstoxic.
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; s s conclusion: s s It s s preferentially ssreplaces ssother ssmetals ss in ssbiochemical s s reactions.
e. Argument; ssconclusion: ssLead ssalso ssdisplaces sscalcium ss...
ssrecall ssinformation.ANS: C PTS: s s 2
3. Aristotle ssfocused sson ssclarifying ssthe ssconcept ssof ssvirtue ssitself. ssHe ssargued ssthat ssit sswas s s virtuous ssto
sschoose s s theproper ssamount ssof ssemotion ssand/or ssaction sscalled ssfor ssin ssa ssparticular sssituation ssand
ssthat ssextremes ssof s s emotion ssand ssaction s s were ssvices. s s In s s all s s communities ssthere ssare s s some
s s men s s of s s practical s s wisdom sswho sshave s s the sscapacity ssto ssjudge s s wisely. s s Aristotle ssargued ssthat
ssthey sshave ssthe sscapacity ssto ssfollow ssthe ss"right s s rule" sswhatever ssthe sssituation.
David ss Cooper, s s Value s s Pluralism s s and s s Ethical s s Choice
a. Argument; s s conclusion: s s In s s all s s communities s s ... s s capacity ssto ssjudge s s wisely.
b. Argument; s s conclusion: s s Aristotle ssfocused sson s s clarifying ssthe s s concept s s of s s virtue ssitself.
c. Argument; s s conclusion: ssThey sshave s s the s s capacity ssto s s follow ss ... s s the ss situation.
d. Argument; s s conclusion: s s He ssargued s s that ssit s s was s s virtuous ss... s s were s s vices
e. Nonargument.
ANS: E PTS: 2
4. Illegal s s immigrants s s pay sslocal s s sales sstaxes, ssand ssmany ssof ssthem ssalso sspay ssstate, sslocal, s s and ssfederal
s s income sstaxand ssSocial ssSecurity sstax. ssThey ssalso sspurchase ssitems ssfrom sslocal ssmerchants, ssincreasing
ssthe ssamount s s these s s merchants s s pay s s in s s taxes. s s In s s addition, s s they s s work s s for s s low s s salaries,
s s which s s increases s s the s s earnings ssof s s their s s employers s s and s s the s s amount s s of s s taxes s s these
s s employers s s pay. s s Thus, s s it s s is s s not s s correct s s to s s say ssthat ssillegal ssimmigrants sscontribute ssnothing
ssto ssthe sscommunities ssin sswhich ssthey sslive.
a. Argument; s s conclusion: s s It s s is ssnot s s correct s s to sssay ss... s s communities s s in s s which ssthey sslive.
1
, b. Argument; s s conclusion: ssThey sswork ssfor s s low ss salaries s s ... ssthese ssemployers s s pay.
c. Argument; s s conclusion: s s Illegal s s immigrants ss pay ss... ss Social s s Security sstax.
d. Argument; s s conclusion: ssThey ssalso s s purchase s s items s s ... s s pay ssin s s taxes.
e. Nonargument.
ANS: A PTS: 2
5. Numerous s s studies sshave ssindicated ssthat sswomen s s of sscolor, ssblack sswomen s s in ssparticular, ssare
ssover- ssarrested, ssover-indicted, ssand ssover-sentenced. ssAfrican-American sswomen ssare ssseven sstimes
ssmore sslikely s s to ssbe ssarrested ssfor ssprostitution ssthan sswomen ssof ssother ssethnic ssgroups. ssBlack
sswomen sshave ssreceived s s significantlylonger sssentences ssfor sscrimes ssagainst ssproperty ssand ssserved
sslonger ssperiods ssin ssprison. ssFor ssboth ssmurder ssand drug ssoffenses, ssEuroamerican sswomen ssended ssup
nn
ssserving ssone-third ssless sstime ssfor ssthe sssame ssoffenses ssthan ssblack sswomen.
Nancy ssKurshan, ss"Women s s and s s Imprisonment s s in s s the s s U.S."
a. Argument; ss conclusion: ss African-American sswomen ss... ss other ssethnic ssgroups.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; s s conclusion: s s For ssboth s s murder ssand s s drug ssoffenses s s ... ssblack sswomen.
d. Argument; ss conclusion: ssNumerous ssstudies sshave ss indicated ss... ssover-sentenced.
e. Argument; ssconclusion: ssBlack sswomen sshave ssreceived ss... sslonger ssperiods
in ssprison. ANS:
ss nn B PTS: s s 2
6. It's s s even s s more s s important s s these s s days s s that s s your s s computer s s be s s protected s s by s s a s s firewall.
s s There s s are sscriminal sselements sslurking ssin ssthe ssshadows ssof sscyberspace sswho sssend ssout ssprobes ssto
ssdetect ssunprotected s s PCs. ssOnce ssa vulnerable sscomputer ssis ssfound, ssthese sscriminals ssinstall
nn
sssoftware ssthat ssassists ssthem ssin sscommitting s s identity s s theft s s and s s fencing s s stolen s s IDs. s s They
s s also s s defraud s s online s s advertisers s s by s s using ssthese sszombie sscomputers sstovisit sspay-per-click
ssads.
a. Argument; s s conclusion: ssThere ss are s s criminal s s elements s s ... ssto s s detect ssunprotected s s PCs.
b. Argument; s s conclusion: s s Once s s a s s vulnerable ss computer s s ... ssfencing ssstolen s s IDs.
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; s s conclusion: ssThey ssalso s s defraud s s ... ssto s s visit s s pay-per-click ssads.
e. Argument; ssconclusion: ssIt's sseven ssmore ssimportant ss... ssprotected
by ssa ssfirewall.ANS: E PTS:
ss s s 2
7. The ssearth ssis ssof ssinterest ssto ssastronomy ssfor ssmany ssreasons. s s Nearly ssall ssobservations ssmust s s be
ssmade ssthrough ssthe ssatmosphere, ssand ssthe ssphenomena ssof ssthe ssupper ssatmosphere ssand ssthe
ssmagnetosphere s s reflect ssthe ssstate ssofinterplanetary ssspace. ssThe ssearth ssis ssalso ssthe ssmost
ssimportant ssobject ssof sscomparison ssfor ssplanetologists.
Hannu ssKarttunen, sset s s al., ss Fundamental s s Astronomy
a. Argument; s s conclusion: ssThe ssphenomena s s ... s s state ss of s s interplanetary ssspace.
b. Argument; s s conclusion: ssThe ssearth ss is ss also s s ... ss for s s planetologists.
c. Argument; s s conclusion: ssThe ssearth ssis ss of s s interest s s to ss astronomy.
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument; ssconclusion: ssNearly ssall ssobservations ss... ssthrough
the ssatmosphere. ANS:
ss nn C PTS: s s 2
8. If ssthe sstrade ssin sstiger ssproducts ssis ssbanned, sstiger ssreserves ssare ssguarded ssby sswell ssequipped ssstaff,
s s communities abutting sstiger sshabitat ssare ssgiven ssa ssstake ssin ssprotecting sstigers, ssand ssthe ssmakers
nn
ssof sstraditional ssmedicines sscanbe sspersuaded ssthat sstiger ssparts ssare ssnot ssneeded, ssthen sstiger sspoaching
sswill ssbe s s halted, s s habitat s s and s s life s s sustaining ssprey sswill s s be ssrestored, ssand ssthe ssimmanent
s s extinction ssof s s tigers s s in ssthe sswild sswill ssbe ssaverted.
a. Nonargument.
b. Argument; s s conclusion: ssThe sstrade s s in s s tiger s s products ssis s s banned.
c. Argument; s s conclusion: ssTiger s s poaching sswill ss be s s halted.
d. Argument; s s conclusion: ssThe ssmakers s s of sstraditional s s medicines s s ... s s not s s needed.
2
, e. Argument; ssconclusion: ssTiger sspoaching sswill ssbe sshalted ss... sswill
be ssaverted.ANS:
ss A PTS: s s 2
9. Humans ssare ssbiological ssorganisms. ssTo ssunderstand ssour ssbehavior ssand ssmental ssprocesses, sswe
ssneed ssto s s understand sstheir ssbiological ssunderpinnings, ssstarting sswith ssthe sscellular sslevel, ssthe
ssneuron. ssHow sswe ssfeel, s s learn, ssremember, s s and ssthink ssall s s stem ssfrom ssneuronal s s activity. s s So,
sshow ssa ssneuron s s works s s and sshow ssneuronscommunicate ssare sscrucial sspieces ssof ssinformation ssin
sssolving ssthe sspuzzle ssof sshuman s s behavior ssand ssmental ssprocessing.
Richard ss Griggs, ss Psychology: s s A ssConcise s s Introduction
a. Argument; s s conclusion: ssTo ssunderstand s s our s s behavior s s ... ssthe ss neuron.
b. Argument; ssconclusion: ss Humans ssare ssbiological ssorganisms.
c. Argument; s s conclusion: s s How ss we ssfeel ss ... ss neuronal ssactivity.
d. Argument; s s conclusion: s s How ssa s s neuron s s works s s ... ssmental ssprocessing.
e. Nonargument.
ANS: D PTS: 2
10. Viruses s s are s s acellular s s entities s s too s s small ssto s s be s s seen s s with s s a s s light s s microscope. ssThey s s are
s s composed s s of s s a ssnucleic ssacid ssand ssa ssfew ssproteins. ssViruses ssreplicate ssthemselves ssand ssdisplay
ssother ssproperties ssof ssliving s s organisms ssonly sswhen ssthey sshave ssinvaded ssliving sscells. ssIndeed, sssome
ssviruses sscan ssbe sscrystallized ssand s s stored ssin ssa sscontainer s s on s s a ssshelf ssfor s s years, ssbut ssthey
ssretain ssthe sscapacity ssto s s invade sscells s s and sscause ssdisease.
Jacquelyn ss C. s s Black, ss Microbiology: ssPrinciples ss and s s Explorations
a. Argument; s s conclusion: ssThey ss are s s composed s s of ss a s s nucleic s s acid s s and ssa s s few ss proteins.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; s s conclusion: ssViruses ssare ssacellular s s entities s s ... ssmicroscope.
d. Argument; s s conclusion: s s Indeed, s s some s s viruses s s can ss be sscrystallized ss ... s s cause ss disease.
e. Argument; ssconclusion: ssViruses ssreplicate ssthemselves ss... ssinvaded
living sscells.ANS:
ss B PTS: s s 2
11. Harnessing ssthe s s clean, s s abundant s s energy s s of s s the s s sun s s and s s wind s s is s s critical s s to s s solving
s s the s s global sswarming ssproblem. ssTechnological ssadvances sshave ssbrought ssthe sscost ssof sselectricity
ssgenerated ssby ssthe s s wind ssdown ssby82 sspercent sssince ss1981. ssSolar ssenergy sstechnology sshas ssmade
ssremarkable ssprogress ssas s s new ssphotovoltaic sscells sshave ssbeen ssdeveloped ssto ssconvert sseven
ssgreater ssamounts ssof sssunlight ssdirectly s s into s s electricity. s s Todaythe s s costs s s of s s wind ssand
s s solar s s power s s are s s becoming sscompetitive s s with s s dirty sscoal-fired ssplants.
Sierra ss Club, ss"Global s s Warming ssSolutions"
a. Argument; s s conclusion: ssToday ssthe s s costs ssof s s wind s s ... s s dirty sscoal-fired s s plants.
b. Argument; s s conclusion: ssTechnological s s advances s s ... ssby ss82 s s percent s s since s s 1981.
c. Argument; s s conclusion: s s Harnessing ssthe ss clean s s ... ssthe s s global s s warming ssproblem.
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument; ssconclusion: ssSolar ssenergy sstechnology ss... ssdirectly
into sselectricity.ANS:
ss DPTS: s s 2
12. It s s is s s likely s s that s s innocent s s prisoners s s in s s this s s country s s have s s been s s executed s s for s s crimes
s s they s s did s s not sscommit. s s From s s 1973 s s until s s 2007, s s 124 s s death s s row s s inmates s s have s s been
s s exonerated. s s In s s many s s of s s these sscases s s DNA ssevidence ssplayed ssa sscrucial ssrole. ssYet, ssin ssthat
sssame sstime s s frame, s s more ssthan ss1000 ssprisoners s s were ssexecuted. ssFor ssmany ssof ssthese ssprisoners ssno
ssDNA ssevidence sswas ssavailable. ssIf sssuch ssevidence sshad s s been ssavailable, sshowmay ssmore sswould
sshave ssbeen ssexonerated?
a. Argument; s s conclusion: s s In s s many ssof s s these s s cases ss ... ss played s s a s s crucial s s role.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; s s conclusion: s s From ss1973 s s ... s s have s s been s s exonerated.
d. Argument; s s conclusion: s s For ss many ssof s s these s s prisoners s s ... sswas s s available.
e. Argument; s s conclusion: s s It s s is s s likely ssthat s s innocent s s prisoners s s ... ssthey ssdid ss not s s commit.
3
ss ss ss
MULTIPLE s s CHOICE
INSTRUCTIONS: ssThe ssfollowing ssselections ssrelate ssto ssdistinguishing ssarguments ssfrom
ssnonarguments and ssidentifying ssconclusions. ssSelect ssthe ssbest ssanswer ssfor sseach.
nn
1. There ssappears ssto ssbe ssa ssgrowing sshappiness ssgap ssbetween ssmen ssand sswomen. ssWomen sstoday ssare
s s working more s s and ssrelaxing ssless, s s while s s men s s are s s working s s less s s and s s relaxing s s more.
nn
s s Forty s s years s s ago ssa sstypical sswoman ssspent ss40 ssminutes ssmore ssper ssweek ssthan ssthe sstypical ssman
ssperforming ssan ssactivity s s considered s s unpleasant. ssToday, s s with s s men s s working ssless, ssthe
ssgap s s is s s 90 s s minutes s s and s s growing.
a. Argument; s s conclusion: ssToday ss... s s the s s gap s s is s s 90 s s minutes s s and s s growing.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; s s conclusion: s s Forty s s years ss ago s s ... s s an ssactivity ssconsidered s s unpleasant.
d. Argument; s s conclusion: ssThere s s appears ssto s s be s s ... ssbetween ssmen s s and s s women.
e. Argument; ssconclusion: ssWomen sstoday ssare ssworking ssmore ssand
ssrelaxing ssless.ANS: D PTS: s s 2
2. Lead ssis sstoxic, ssbut s s do s s you ssknow sswhy? s s Lead ssis sstoxic ssmainly ssbecause ssit sspreferentially
ssreplaces s s other ssmetals ssin ssbiochemical ssreactions. ssIn ssso ssdoing ssit ssinterferes sswith ssthe ssproteins
ssthat ssregulate ssblood s s pressure(which s s can s s cause s s development s s delays s s in s s children s s and
s s high s s blood s s pressure s s in s s adults), ssheme s s production (which s s can s s lead s s to s s anemia), s s and
nn
s s sperm s s production. s s Lead s s also s s displaces s s calcium ssin ssthe ssreactions ssthat sstransmit sselectrical
ssimpulses ssin ssthe ssbrain, sswhich ssdiminishes ssthe ssability ssto ssthink s s and ssrecall ssinformation.
Anne s s Marie s s Helmstine, ss"Your s s Guide s s to ss Chemistry"
a. Argument; s s conclusion: s s It s s interferes s s with ssthe ss proteins s s ... ssand s s sperm ssproduction.
b. Argument; s s conclusion: s s Lead s s is sstoxic.
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; s s conclusion: s s It s s preferentially ssreplaces ssother ssmetals ss in ssbiochemical s s reactions.
e. Argument; ssconclusion: ssLead ssalso ssdisplaces sscalcium ss...
ssrecall ssinformation.ANS: C PTS: s s 2
3. Aristotle ssfocused sson ssclarifying ssthe ssconcept ssof ssvirtue ssitself. ssHe ssargued ssthat ssit sswas s s virtuous ssto
sschoose s s theproper ssamount ssof ssemotion ssand/or ssaction sscalled ssfor ssin ssa ssparticular sssituation ssand
ssthat ssextremes ssof s s emotion ssand ssaction s s were ssvices. s s In s s all s s communities ssthere ssare s s some
s s men s s of s s practical s s wisdom sswho sshave s s the sscapacity ssto ssjudge s s wisely. s s Aristotle ssargued ssthat
ssthey sshave ssthe sscapacity ssto ssfollow ssthe ss"right s s rule" sswhatever ssthe sssituation.
David ss Cooper, s s Value s s Pluralism s s and s s Ethical s s Choice
a. Argument; s s conclusion: s s In s s all s s communities s s ... s s capacity ssto ssjudge s s wisely.
b. Argument; s s conclusion: s s Aristotle ssfocused sson s s clarifying ssthe s s concept s s of s s virtue ssitself.
c. Argument; s s conclusion: ssThey sshave s s the s s capacity ssto s s follow ss ... s s the ss situation.
d. Argument; s s conclusion: s s He ssargued s s that ssit s s was s s virtuous ss... s s were s s vices
e. Nonargument.
ANS: E PTS: 2
4. Illegal s s immigrants s s pay sslocal s s sales sstaxes, ssand ssmany ssof ssthem ssalso sspay ssstate, sslocal, s s and ssfederal
s s income sstaxand ssSocial ssSecurity sstax. ssThey ssalso sspurchase ssitems ssfrom sslocal ssmerchants, ssincreasing
ssthe ssamount s s these s s merchants s s pay s s in s s taxes. s s In s s addition, s s they s s work s s for s s low s s salaries,
s s which s s increases s s the s s earnings ssof s s their s s employers s s and s s the s s amount s s of s s taxes s s these
s s employers s s pay. s s Thus, s s it s s is s s not s s correct s s to s s say ssthat ssillegal ssimmigrants sscontribute ssnothing
ssto ssthe sscommunities ssin sswhich ssthey sslive.
a. Argument; s s conclusion: s s It s s is ssnot s s correct s s to sssay ss... s s communities s s in s s which ssthey sslive.
1
, b. Argument; s s conclusion: ssThey sswork ssfor s s low ss salaries s s ... ssthese ssemployers s s pay.
c. Argument; s s conclusion: s s Illegal s s immigrants ss pay ss... ss Social s s Security sstax.
d. Argument; s s conclusion: ssThey ssalso s s purchase s s items s s ... s s pay ssin s s taxes.
e. Nonargument.
ANS: A PTS: 2
5. Numerous s s studies sshave ssindicated ssthat sswomen s s of sscolor, ssblack sswomen s s in ssparticular, ssare
ssover- ssarrested, ssover-indicted, ssand ssover-sentenced. ssAfrican-American sswomen ssare ssseven sstimes
ssmore sslikely s s to ssbe ssarrested ssfor ssprostitution ssthan sswomen ssof ssother ssethnic ssgroups. ssBlack
sswomen sshave ssreceived s s significantlylonger sssentences ssfor sscrimes ssagainst ssproperty ssand ssserved
sslonger ssperiods ssin ssprison. ssFor ssboth ssmurder ssand drug ssoffenses, ssEuroamerican sswomen ssended ssup
nn
ssserving ssone-third ssless sstime ssfor ssthe sssame ssoffenses ssthan ssblack sswomen.
Nancy ssKurshan, ss"Women s s and s s Imprisonment s s in s s the s s U.S."
a. Argument; ss conclusion: ss African-American sswomen ss... ss other ssethnic ssgroups.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; s s conclusion: s s For ssboth s s murder ssand s s drug ssoffenses s s ... ssblack sswomen.
d. Argument; ss conclusion: ssNumerous ssstudies sshave ss indicated ss... ssover-sentenced.
e. Argument; ssconclusion: ssBlack sswomen sshave ssreceived ss... sslonger ssperiods
in ssprison. ANS:
ss nn B PTS: s s 2
6. It's s s even s s more s s important s s these s s days s s that s s your s s computer s s be s s protected s s by s s a s s firewall.
s s There s s are sscriminal sselements sslurking ssin ssthe ssshadows ssof sscyberspace sswho sssend ssout ssprobes ssto
ssdetect ssunprotected s s PCs. ssOnce ssa vulnerable sscomputer ssis ssfound, ssthese sscriminals ssinstall
nn
sssoftware ssthat ssassists ssthem ssin sscommitting s s identity s s theft s s and s s fencing s s stolen s s IDs. s s They
s s also s s defraud s s online s s advertisers s s by s s using ssthese sszombie sscomputers sstovisit sspay-per-click
ssads.
a. Argument; s s conclusion: ssThere ss are s s criminal s s elements s s ... ssto s s detect ssunprotected s s PCs.
b. Argument; s s conclusion: s s Once s s a s s vulnerable ss computer s s ... ssfencing ssstolen s s IDs.
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; s s conclusion: ssThey ssalso s s defraud s s ... ssto s s visit s s pay-per-click ssads.
e. Argument; ssconclusion: ssIt's sseven ssmore ssimportant ss... ssprotected
by ssa ssfirewall.ANS: E PTS:
ss s s 2
7. The ssearth ssis ssof ssinterest ssto ssastronomy ssfor ssmany ssreasons. s s Nearly ssall ssobservations ssmust s s be
ssmade ssthrough ssthe ssatmosphere, ssand ssthe ssphenomena ssof ssthe ssupper ssatmosphere ssand ssthe
ssmagnetosphere s s reflect ssthe ssstate ssofinterplanetary ssspace. ssThe ssearth ssis ssalso ssthe ssmost
ssimportant ssobject ssof sscomparison ssfor ssplanetologists.
Hannu ssKarttunen, sset s s al., ss Fundamental s s Astronomy
a. Argument; s s conclusion: ssThe ssphenomena s s ... s s state ss of s s interplanetary ssspace.
b. Argument; s s conclusion: ssThe ssearth ss is ss also s s ... ss for s s planetologists.
c. Argument; s s conclusion: ssThe ssearth ssis ss of s s interest s s to ss astronomy.
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument; ssconclusion: ssNearly ssall ssobservations ss... ssthrough
the ssatmosphere. ANS:
ss nn C PTS: s s 2
8. If ssthe sstrade ssin sstiger ssproducts ssis ssbanned, sstiger ssreserves ssare ssguarded ssby sswell ssequipped ssstaff,
s s communities abutting sstiger sshabitat ssare ssgiven ssa ssstake ssin ssprotecting sstigers, ssand ssthe ssmakers
nn
ssof sstraditional ssmedicines sscanbe sspersuaded ssthat sstiger ssparts ssare ssnot ssneeded, ssthen sstiger sspoaching
sswill ssbe s s halted, s s habitat s s and s s life s s sustaining ssprey sswill s s be ssrestored, ssand ssthe ssimmanent
s s extinction ssof s s tigers s s in ssthe sswild sswill ssbe ssaverted.
a. Nonargument.
b. Argument; s s conclusion: ssThe sstrade s s in s s tiger s s products ssis s s banned.
c. Argument; s s conclusion: ssTiger s s poaching sswill ss be s s halted.
d. Argument; s s conclusion: ssThe ssmakers s s of sstraditional s s medicines s s ... s s not s s needed.
2
, e. Argument; ssconclusion: ssTiger sspoaching sswill ssbe sshalted ss... sswill
be ssaverted.ANS:
ss A PTS: s s 2
9. Humans ssare ssbiological ssorganisms. ssTo ssunderstand ssour ssbehavior ssand ssmental ssprocesses, sswe
ssneed ssto s s understand sstheir ssbiological ssunderpinnings, ssstarting sswith ssthe sscellular sslevel, ssthe
ssneuron. ssHow sswe ssfeel, s s learn, ssremember, s s and ssthink ssall s s stem ssfrom ssneuronal s s activity. s s So,
sshow ssa ssneuron s s works s s and sshow ssneuronscommunicate ssare sscrucial sspieces ssof ssinformation ssin
sssolving ssthe sspuzzle ssof sshuman s s behavior ssand ssmental ssprocessing.
Richard ss Griggs, ss Psychology: s s A ssConcise s s Introduction
a. Argument; s s conclusion: ssTo ssunderstand s s our s s behavior s s ... ssthe ss neuron.
b. Argument; ssconclusion: ss Humans ssare ssbiological ssorganisms.
c. Argument; s s conclusion: s s How ss we ssfeel ss ... ss neuronal ssactivity.
d. Argument; s s conclusion: s s How ssa s s neuron s s works s s ... ssmental ssprocessing.
e. Nonargument.
ANS: D PTS: 2
10. Viruses s s are s s acellular s s entities s s too s s small ssto s s be s s seen s s with s s a s s light s s microscope. ssThey s s are
s s composed s s of s s a ssnucleic ssacid ssand ssa ssfew ssproteins. ssViruses ssreplicate ssthemselves ssand ssdisplay
ssother ssproperties ssof ssliving s s organisms ssonly sswhen ssthey sshave ssinvaded ssliving sscells. ssIndeed, sssome
ssviruses sscan ssbe sscrystallized ssand s s stored ssin ssa sscontainer s s on s s a ssshelf ssfor s s years, ssbut ssthey
ssretain ssthe sscapacity ssto s s invade sscells s s and sscause ssdisease.
Jacquelyn ss C. s s Black, ss Microbiology: ssPrinciples ss and s s Explorations
a. Argument; s s conclusion: ssThey ss are s s composed s s of ss a s s nucleic s s acid s s and ssa s s few ss proteins.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; s s conclusion: ssViruses ssare ssacellular s s entities s s ... ssmicroscope.
d. Argument; s s conclusion: s s Indeed, s s some s s viruses s s can ss be sscrystallized ss ... s s cause ss disease.
e. Argument; ssconclusion: ssViruses ssreplicate ssthemselves ss... ssinvaded
living sscells.ANS:
ss B PTS: s s 2
11. Harnessing ssthe s s clean, s s abundant s s energy s s of s s the s s sun s s and s s wind s s is s s critical s s to s s solving
s s the s s global sswarming ssproblem. ssTechnological ssadvances sshave ssbrought ssthe sscost ssof sselectricity
ssgenerated ssby ssthe s s wind ssdown ssby82 sspercent sssince ss1981. ssSolar ssenergy sstechnology sshas ssmade
ssremarkable ssprogress ssas s s new ssphotovoltaic sscells sshave ssbeen ssdeveloped ssto ssconvert sseven
ssgreater ssamounts ssof sssunlight ssdirectly s s into s s electricity. s s Todaythe s s costs s s of s s wind ssand
s s solar s s power s s are s s becoming sscompetitive s s with s s dirty sscoal-fired ssplants.
Sierra ss Club, ss"Global s s Warming ssSolutions"
a. Argument; s s conclusion: ssToday ssthe s s costs ssof s s wind s s ... s s dirty sscoal-fired s s plants.
b. Argument; s s conclusion: ssTechnological s s advances s s ... ssby ss82 s s percent s s since s s 1981.
c. Argument; s s conclusion: s s Harnessing ssthe ss clean s s ... ssthe s s global s s warming ssproblem.
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument; ssconclusion: ssSolar ssenergy sstechnology ss... ssdirectly
into sselectricity.ANS:
ss DPTS: s s 2
12. It s s is s s likely s s that s s innocent s s prisoners s s in s s this s s country s s have s s been s s executed s s for s s crimes
s s they s s did s s not sscommit. s s From s s 1973 s s until s s 2007, s s 124 s s death s s row s s inmates s s have s s been
s s exonerated. s s In s s many s s of s s these sscases s s DNA ssevidence ssplayed ssa sscrucial ssrole. ssYet, ssin ssthat
sssame sstime s s frame, s s more ssthan ss1000 ssprisoners s s were ssexecuted. ssFor ssmany ssof ssthese ssprisoners ssno
ssDNA ssevidence sswas ssavailable. ssIf sssuch ssevidence sshad s s been ssavailable, sshowmay ssmore sswould
sshave ssbeen ssexonerated?
a. Argument; s s conclusion: s s In s s many ssof s s these s s cases ss ... ss played s s a s s crucial s s role.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; s s conclusion: s s From ss1973 s s ... s s have s s been s s exonerated.
d. Argument; s s conclusion: s s For ss many ssof s s these s s prisoners s s ... sswas s s available.
e. Argument; s s conclusion: s s It s s is s s likely ssthat s s innocent s s prisoners s s ... ssthey ssdid ss not s s commit.
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