BIOL 235 Final Exam Questions with Correct Answers | Latest Update 2026 | Best Graded A+

BIOL 235 Final Exam Questions with Correct Answers | Latest Update 2026 | Best Graded A+ Erythrocytes contain the enzyme - answer-carbonic anhydrase carbonic anhydrase catalyzes - answer-the conversion of metabolically produced C)2 and water into carbonic acid fixed phagocytic macrophages - answer-remove most old erythrocytes from circulation Location of fixed phagocytic macrophages - answer-narrow capillaries of the spleen Undifferentiated cells called pluripotent stem cells reside - answer-in the bone marrow pluripotent stem cells - answer-continuously divide and develop myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells to give rise to each of the types of blood cells emigration or diapedesis - answer-The process of leukocytes squeezing through the capillary endothelium to exit the vasculature agglutinins - answer-genetically-determined glycoprotein and glycolipid antigens found on the surface of an erythrocyte ESV - answer-volume of blood in the ventricle after ejection has been completed Increase in ESV when - answer-stroke volume is decreased Three cations with important effect on heart function - answer-K+, Ca2+, and Na+Increased blood levels of NA+ - answer-blocks Ca2+ inflow and decreases force of contraction Excess in K+ - answer-blocks generation of action potentials pharynx - answer-serves as a sound resonating chamber, contains tonsils, directs air flow inferiorly larynx - answer-passes air form pharynx into windpipe, site of sound production paranasal sinuses - answer-resonates sound, not part of the pharynx fauces - answer-opening from oral cavity into pharynx tertiary bronchus - answer-carries air to a segment of a lung terminal bronchiole - answer-carries air directly into a respiratory bronchiole pleural membranes - answer-surround the lungs surfactant - answer-reduces surface tension at sites of gas exchange alveoli - answer-actual sites of gas exchange eupnea - answer-normal, quiet breathing costal breathing - answer-shallow breathing using just the external intercostal muscles compliance - answer-amount of effort required to expand the lungs and chest wallinspiratory capacity - answer-tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume, usually about 3600 mL in males vital capacity - answer-tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume; usually about 4800 mL in males functional residual capacity - answer-residual volume + expiratory reserve volume; usually about 2400 mL in males Henry's law - answer-states that the amount of gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of that gas and its solubility Bohr effect - answer-when pH decreases, O2 saturation of hemoglobin decreases Dalton's law - answer-each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own partial pressure medulla oblongata - answer-sets basic rhythm of breathing pons - answer-includes the pontine respiratory group Blood is - answer-a connective tissue that consists of blood plasma (liquid) plus formed elements (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets) Whole blood - answer-blood plasma and formed elements Blood plasma - answer-proteins, water, other solutes Blood plasma proteins - answer-albumins (54%), globulins (36%), fibrinogens (7%) Formed elements - answer-red blood cells, white blood cells, plateletsBlood cell production - answer-hemopoesis, mainly occurs in red bone marrow after birth Reticulocyte - answer-from proerythrocyte, ejects nucleus Average lifespan of an erythrocyte - answer-120 days Rate of RBC formation by red blood cells - answer-equals the rate of RBC destruction by macrophages Emigration or diapedesis is - answer-the process by which phagocytic cells leave blood vessels WBCs use to destroy pathogens - answer-lysozyme, defensins, and certain anions Neutrophils - answer-are usually the first and most numerous responders to an infection Macrophages - answer-react more slowly to an infection than neutrophils do Pluripotent stem cells are derived from - answer-mesenchyme Megakaryoblasts - answer-platelet precursor cells, develop into megakaryocytes Platelet - answer-fragment of megakaryocyte that is enclosed by a piece of plasma membrane Platelet plug - answer-can stop blood loss completely if the hole in a blood vessel is small enough Hemostasis - answer-sequence of responses that stops bleeding, vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, blood clottingBlood clot - answer-gel that contains formed elements of the blood entangled in fibrin threads In blood clotting - answer-coagulation factors are activated in sequence, resulting in a cascade of reactions that includes positive feedback cycles Extrinsic pathway of blood clotting - answer-fewer steps, thromboplastic leaks into the blood from cells outside (extrinsic to) blood vessels and initiates the formation of prothrombinase Intrinsic pathway of blood clotting - answer-more complex, occurs more slowly, activators are in direct contact with blood or contained within (intrinsic to) the blood. Outside tissue damage is not needed. clotting pathway - answer-Prothrombinase - prothrombin - thrombin - soluble fibrinogen - insoluble fibrin - threads of clot Common pathway - answer-formation of prothrombinase marks the beginning of the____ In an incompatible blood transfusion - answer-antibodies in the recipient's plasma bind to the antigens on the donated RBCs which causes agglutination (clumping) Antibodies in your plasma don't react with - answer-antigens on your red blood cells HDN - answer-occurs when maternal anti-Rh antibodies cross the placenta and cause hemolysis of fetal RBC ABO blood typing - answer-blood is mixed with anti-A and anti-B serum The heart is located in - answer-the mediastinum Pericardium - answer-triple-layered sac that surrounds and protects the heartPericardium two main parts - answer-fibrous pericardium and serous pericardium Fibrous pericardium - answer-superficial, tough, inelastic, bag that attaches to the diaphragm, prevents overstretching of the heart, anchors the heart in the mediastinum Serous pericardium - answer-parietal layer, visceral layer (epicardium)