D115 MASTER SET ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY COMPREHENSIVE EXAM
2026 QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS GRADED
A+
◉ subconjunctival hemorrhage. Answer: Blood in the eye, resolves like
a bruise
◉ pterygium. Answer: Surfer's Eye, triangle of conjunctiva. Drops if
inflamed, surgery if blocking vision, sunglasses in all cases.
◉ Pinguecula. Answer: a harmless yellowish triangular nodule in the
bulbar conjunctiva on either side of the iris that stops at the limbus, from
too much sun
◉ chalazion. Answer: Inflamed meibomian (eye sweat) gland, I&D if
large
◉ hordeolum. Answer: Stye
,◉ Herpes Keratitis. Answer: Fern-like damage pattern, like corneal
abrasion. Permanent damage.
◉ Rinne test. Answer: bone conduction vs air conduction
◉ Weber test. Answer: tuning fork unicorn
◉ cheilosis. Answer: Cracks in the corners of the mouth, from drool
(dentures, paci)
◉ Hairy Leukoplakia. Answer: EBV glossitis; pre-AIDS defining lesion;
not precursor to cancer
◉ Koplik spots. Answer: Measles in the mouth
◉ torus palatinus. Answer: benign bony ridge running in the middle of
the hard palate
◉ Avulsed tooth. Answer: Put in cool milk
◉ Triploidy. Answer: 3 of all chromosomes; normal in some cells,
miscarriage if present in all cells
, ◉ Trisomy 21. Answer: Down syndrome
◉ Trisomy X. Answer: Mostly normal, may have repro difficulties and
mild mental impairment
◉ Turner Syndrome. Answer: No Y chromosome, only one X, short, no
ovaries, aortic coarctation, neck webbing. Treat with E.
◉ Klinefelter syndrome. Answer: XXY, androgynous traits
◉ Cri du chat syndrome. Answer: A deletion of the short arm of
chromosome 5 associated with an array of congenital malformations, the
most characteristic of which is an infant cry that resembles a meowing
cat; microcephaly, heart defects
◉ chromosomal inversion. Answer: When part of the chromosome
becomes oriented in the reverse of its usual direction; usually normal in
the parent but causes severe defect in children
◉ Robertsonian translocation. Answer: Translocation in which the long
arms of two acrocentric chromosomes become joined to a common
centromere, resulting in a chromosome with two long arms and a
deletion. Causes deletions/functional trisomies in offspring
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY COMPREHENSIVE EXAM
2026 QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS GRADED
A+
◉ subconjunctival hemorrhage. Answer: Blood in the eye, resolves like
a bruise
◉ pterygium. Answer: Surfer's Eye, triangle of conjunctiva. Drops if
inflamed, surgery if blocking vision, sunglasses in all cases.
◉ Pinguecula. Answer: a harmless yellowish triangular nodule in the
bulbar conjunctiva on either side of the iris that stops at the limbus, from
too much sun
◉ chalazion. Answer: Inflamed meibomian (eye sweat) gland, I&D if
large
◉ hordeolum. Answer: Stye
,◉ Herpes Keratitis. Answer: Fern-like damage pattern, like corneal
abrasion. Permanent damage.
◉ Rinne test. Answer: bone conduction vs air conduction
◉ Weber test. Answer: tuning fork unicorn
◉ cheilosis. Answer: Cracks in the corners of the mouth, from drool
(dentures, paci)
◉ Hairy Leukoplakia. Answer: EBV glossitis; pre-AIDS defining lesion;
not precursor to cancer
◉ Koplik spots. Answer: Measles in the mouth
◉ torus palatinus. Answer: benign bony ridge running in the middle of
the hard palate
◉ Avulsed tooth. Answer: Put in cool milk
◉ Triploidy. Answer: 3 of all chromosomes; normal in some cells,
miscarriage if present in all cells
, ◉ Trisomy 21. Answer: Down syndrome
◉ Trisomy X. Answer: Mostly normal, may have repro difficulties and
mild mental impairment
◉ Turner Syndrome. Answer: No Y chromosome, only one X, short, no
ovaries, aortic coarctation, neck webbing. Treat with E.
◉ Klinefelter syndrome. Answer: XXY, androgynous traits
◉ Cri du chat syndrome. Answer: A deletion of the short arm of
chromosome 5 associated with an array of congenital malformations, the
most characteristic of which is an infant cry that resembles a meowing
cat; microcephaly, heart defects
◉ chromosomal inversion. Answer: When part of the chromosome
becomes oriented in the reverse of its usual direction; usually normal in
the parent but causes severe defect in children
◉ Robertsonian translocation. Answer: Translocation in which the long
arms of two acrocentric chromosomes become joined to a common
centromere, resulting in a chromosome with two long arms and a
deletion. Causes deletions/functional trisomies in offspring
