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calculo en variable real

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este pdf contiene un ejerccio de conjunto nulo y de convergencia en casi toda pare

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Demostración: El Intervalo (a, b) no es un Conjunto Nulo


Demostración de que (a, b) no es un conjunto nulo.
Sea a < b. Supongamos, por contradicción, que el intervalo E = (a, b) es un conjunto nulo. Entonces,
por la Definición 1.3.1, existe una sucesión creciente de funciones paso {φn }∞
n=1 tal que:

1. φn ≤ φn+1 ,
2. φn (x) → +∞ para cada x ∈ (a, b),
R
3. la sucesión de integrales φn dx converge.

Dado que φn (x) es creciente y diverge para cada x ∈ (a, b), tenemos

lim φn (x) = +∞ para todo x ∈ (a, b).
n→∞

Sea ahora M > 0 una constante arbitraria. Definimos la función

ψn (x) = ( M χ(a,b) (x) − φn (x) )+ = max{ M χ(a,b) (x) − φn (x), 0}.
Observamos que:

ψn (x) = 0 si x ∈
/ (a, b), ψn (x) = max(M − φn (x), 0) si x ∈ (a, b).
Como φn (x) → +∞ para todo x ∈ (a, b), existe N tal que n > N implica φn (x) > M , y entonces

ψn (x) = 0 ∀x ∈ R,
de modo que

lim ψn (x) = 0.
n→∞

Por la propiedad de continuidad de la integral para funciones paso (1.2.6):
Z Z Z
lim ψn dx = lim ψn (x) dx = 0 dx = 0.
n→∞ n→∞


Consideremos ahora φn + ψn . Para x ∈ (a, b):

φn (x) + ψn (x) = φn (x) + max(M − φn (x), 0) ≥ M.
Por lo tanto,

φn (x) + ψn (x) ≥ M χ(a,b) (x).
Integrando:
Z Z
(φn + ψn ) dx ≥ M χ(a,b) dx = M (b − a).

Por linealidad:
Z Z
φn dx + ψn dx ≥ M (b − a).

Tomando lı́mite cuando n → ∞:

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