Comprehensive Adult and Pediatric Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Nursing Exam: Assessment, Pathophysiology, Diagnostics, Clinical Manifestations, Interventions, Medications, and Patient Education Exam Questions Provided with A+ Graded Rationales Latest

Comprehensive Adult and Pediatric Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Nursing Exam: Assessment, Pathophysiology, Diagnostics, Clinical Manifestations, Interventions, Medications, and Patient Education Exam Questions Provided with A+ Graded Rationales Latest Updated 2026 Adults Body Fluids 50% to 60% is water Infant Body Fluid 75% to 80% is water FVD fluid volume deficit; in severe FVD, body fluid levels fall by 10% of body weight. Common is isotonic dehydration. Contributing Factors to FVD Excess GI or renal loss Sweating Fever Long term NPO status Hemorrhaging Insufficient intake Burns Diuretic Therapy Aging Manifestations of FVD Weight loss Dry mucous membranes Poor skin turgor Increased HR and R Thready pulse Capillary refill less than 3 secs Weakness, Fatigue Orthostatic Hypotension Late signs to FVD Oliguria decreased CVP flattened neck veins Diagnostic Procedure for FVD Serum electrolytes, BUN, creatinine, Hct Urine: specific gravity and osmolarity Care for FVD Monitor vital signs Monitor skin turgor Maintain strict I&O Weigh the client daily Monitor laboratory data Correct underlying cause Fluid Replacement ( Increase oral fluid intake, maintain IV fluids, monitor response to therapy) Initiate fall precautions IV Solutions Isotonic, Hypotonic, Hypertonic Isotonic Indication, Characteristics, and Solutions Treatment of vascular system fluid deficit (Stays were you put it/balance) Prevent fluid shift between compartments Normal saline (0.9% NS), Lactated Ringer's (LR), 5% Dextrose in water (DW) Hypotonic Indication, Characteristics, and Solutions Treatment of intracellular dehydration (Puts fluid into the cells) Shifts fluid from ECF to ICF 0.45% normal saline (0.45%), 2.5% dextrose in 0.45% saline Hypertonic Indication, Characteristics, and Solutions Used only when serum osmolality is critically low (Pulls fluid out of the cells) Shifts fluid from ICF to ECF 10% Dextrose in water, 5% dextrose in water Can cause Hypoglycemia FVE Fluid intake or retention is greater than the body's needs. Contributing Factors of FVE Kidney Failure Cirrhosis Heart Failure Hypertonic Fluids Excessive water intake Manifestations of FVE Cough, dyspnea, and crackles Increased blood pressure Tachypnea and tachycardia Bounding pulse Weight gain Jugular vein distention Increased CVP