HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY EXAM| STUDY GUIDE WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS GRADE A+.
Physiology is the study of ... the normal functioning of a living organism and
it's component parts. Greek for "relationship to nature" and studies the functions
homeostasis balance/euilibrium of an internal enviornment even when the external
environment is out of balance
Pathology occurs when normal function is disrupted and a disease state or
condidtion forces the internal environment out of balance
basic cell composition H2O, electrolytes, protein, lipids, and carbohydrates
subatomic particles electrons, protons, neutrons
Atom combination of subatomic particles
molecules a binding together of multiple atoms
Isotope the number of protons is consistent, but the number of neutrons may
vary
Elements The simplest substances; they cannot be decomposed or resolved by
chemical change into simpler substances. they are the basic substances out of which
all matter is composed
Major Elements of the human body (99.9%) : oxygen, hydrogen, calcium, potassium,
chlorine, magnesium, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur and sodium
Trace elements (.1%): Cobalt, fluorine, Iron, zinc, copper, iodine, manganese
Ion When an atom gains or loses one or more electrons and it acquires an electrical
charge. If it gains an electron (a negative charge) it is called an anion. If it loses and
electron ( a positive charge) it is called a cation
Molecule when two or more atoms are combined of the same kind
Compound when two or more atoms are combined of the a different kind
Role of electrons instrumental in bond formation
Ionic bonds formed between oppositely charged particles (NaCl) if separated in
solution the result can be an Electrolyte (fluid regulators), salt
Covalent bonds molecules in which electrons are shared instead instead of gained
or lost
Hydrogen bonds weak bonds formed between water molecules and intramolecular
bonds-bonds that hold different parts of the same molecule together into a three-
dimensional shape
Polar molecules molecules that develop regions of partial positive and negative
charge (water)
Nonpolar molecules have elctrons distributed so evenly that there are no
regions of partial positive or negative charge
Water (H2O) universal solvent, can dissolve many differnt substances in large
amounts
Hydro water
hydrophilic water loving
hydrophobic water hating
, Mixture consists of two or more compounds combined but are not chemically
bound
solution homogeneous (parts of the same kind) mixture where the molecules are
evenly distributed and will not separated upon standing
solvent the dissolving substance
Solute the substance which is being dissolved (sugar glucose, small protein molecules,
carbon dioxide and oxygen)
suspension heterogenous (parts of different kind) mixture where the particles will
separate out upon standing
Calloid heterogenous mixture where the particles remain suspended, but do not
separate upon standing
Acid can donate a hydrogen ion into solution
Base can accept hydrogens ions from a solution
Salt is a balanced combination of an acid with a salt (KCl)
PH scale Monitors the acidity and alkalinity of a solution based on how many inons
have been released into the solution. The higher the H concentration the more acid the
solution. the higher the OH concentration, the more basic the solution
Blood is 7.35-7.45
Buffers Resist the Ph change and help prevent such changes (bicarbonates)
Biomolecules Organic molecules associated with living organisms, Contain C, H,
and O, along with other key elements such as P and N
Carbohydrates composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, CHO abbreviation
which when combined in various combinations are referred to as Saccharides. These
are the most abundant biomolecules
simple carbohydrates small molecules of sugar
monosaccharides composed of a single sugar
glucose circulates in the blood, storable from in the liver ( glycogen aka.
Dextrose)
Fructose from fruits or honey, ( high fructose corn syrup- artificially altered
glucose in cornstarch to fructose which increases the sugar concentration making in a
cheap sweetner, but concentrating the sugar being ingested)
Galactose mainly comes from the digestion of milk sugar (lactose)
Disaccharides composed of two sugars
Sucrose Glucose + Fructose (table sugar, brown, powdered, cane or beet,
molasses)
Lactose Glucose + Galactose ( milk sugar), aids in the absorption of calcium and
phosphorus, encourages the growth the useful intestinal bacteria
Maltose Glucose + Glucose, often used as a synthetic sweetner
complex carbohydrates large molecules of sugar ( polysaccharides) combined with
starch which together provide energy with dietary fiber
Glycogen found in animal muscle tissue, crucial in body metabolism and energy
balance, constantly being broken down into glucose
Dietary Fiber polysaccharides. Two types insoluble & and soluble
SOLUTIONS GRADE A+.
Physiology is the study of ... the normal functioning of a living organism and
it's component parts. Greek for "relationship to nature" and studies the functions
homeostasis balance/euilibrium of an internal enviornment even when the external
environment is out of balance
Pathology occurs when normal function is disrupted and a disease state or
condidtion forces the internal environment out of balance
basic cell composition H2O, electrolytes, protein, lipids, and carbohydrates
subatomic particles electrons, protons, neutrons
Atom combination of subatomic particles
molecules a binding together of multiple atoms
Isotope the number of protons is consistent, but the number of neutrons may
vary
Elements The simplest substances; they cannot be decomposed or resolved by
chemical change into simpler substances. they are the basic substances out of which
all matter is composed
Major Elements of the human body (99.9%) : oxygen, hydrogen, calcium, potassium,
chlorine, magnesium, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur and sodium
Trace elements (.1%): Cobalt, fluorine, Iron, zinc, copper, iodine, manganese
Ion When an atom gains or loses one or more electrons and it acquires an electrical
charge. If it gains an electron (a negative charge) it is called an anion. If it loses and
electron ( a positive charge) it is called a cation
Molecule when two or more atoms are combined of the same kind
Compound when two or more atoms are combined of the a different kind
Role of electrons instrumental in bond formation
Ionic bonds formed between oppositely charged particles (NaCl) if separated in
solution the result can be an Electrolyte (fluid regulators), salt
Covalent bonds molecules in which electrons are shared instead instead of gained
or lost
Hydrogen bonds weak bonds formed between water molecules and intramolecular
bonds-bonds that hold different parts of the same molecule together into a three-
dimensional shape
Polar molecules molecules that develop regions of partial positive and negative
charge (water)
Nonpolar molecules have elctrons distributed so evenly that there are no
regions of partial positive or negative charge
Water (H2O) universal solvent, can dissolve many differnt substances in large
amounts
Hydro water
hydrophilic water loving
hydrophobic water hating
, Mixture consists of two or more compounds combined but are not chemically
bound
solution homogeneous (parts of the same kind) mixture where the molecules are
evenly distributed and will not separated upon standing
solvent the dissolving substance
Solute the substance which is being dissolved (sugar glucose, small protein molecules,
carbon dioxide and oxygen)
suspension heterogenous (parts of different kind) mixture where the particles will
separate out upon standing
Calloid heterogenous mixture where the particles remain suspended, but do not
separate upon standing
Acid can donate a hydrogen ion into solution
Base can accept hydrogens ions from a solution
Salt is a balanced combination of an acid with a salt (KCl)
PH scale Monitors the acidity and alkalinity of a solution based on how many inons
have been released into the solution. The higher the H concentration the more acid the
solution. the higher the OH concentration, the more basic the solution
Blood is 7.35-7.45
Buffers Resist the Ph change and help prevent such changes (bicarbonates)
Biomolecules Organic molecules associated with living organisms, Contain C, H,
and O, along with other key elements such as P and N
Carbohydrates composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, CHO abbreviation
which when combined in various combinations are referred to as Saccharides. These
are the most abundant biomolecules
simple carbohydrates small molecules of sugar
monosaccharides composed of a single sugar
glucose circulates in the blood, storable from in the liver ( glycogen aka.
Dextrose)
Fructose from fruits or honey, ( high fructose corn syrup- artificially altered
glucose in cornstarch to fructose which increases the sugar concentration making in a
cheap sweetner, but concentrating the sugar being ingested)
Galactose mainly comes from the digestion of milk sugar (lactose)
Disaccharides composed of two sugars
Sucrose Glucose + Fructose (table sugar, brown, powdered, cane or beet,
molasses)
Lactose Glucose + Galactose ( milk sugar), aids in the absorption of calcium and
phosphorus, encourages the growth the useful intestinal bacteria
Maltose Glucose + Glucose, often used as a synthetic sweetner
complex carbohydrates large molecules of sugar ( polysaccharides) combined with
starch which together provide energy with dietary fiber
Glycogen found in animal muscle tissue, crucial in body metabolism and energy
balance, constantly being broken down into glucose
Dietary Fiber polysaccharides. Two types insoluble & and soluble
