ATPL Human Factors Exam with precise detailed ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
solutions
Professionalism - correct answer✔✔Qualities or feature or code of ethics of aviation ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
profession.
Airmanship - correct answer✔✔Consistent use of good judgement and well-developed ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
skills to accomplish flight objectives
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
Responsibility - correct answer✔✔Being responsible for personal actions and maintaining ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
standards of professionalism and airmanship. ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
Commercial flying vs private flying - correct answer✔✔Piloting for personal reasons the ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
pressures on the pilot are not as great as flying for hire or reward.||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
Human Factors - correct answer✔✔Defined as any factor that enhances or degrades
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
human performance. ||\\//|\
SHELL model - correct answer✔✔Often used to describe this interaction between the
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
following components. ||\\//|\
Central liveware - correct answer✔✔Human element or operator. Each person has their
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
own capabilities and limitations and interactions directly with the other four elements.
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
Liveware - correct answer✔✔Peripheral liveware refers to the human to human interaction
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
- Management, supervision, crew interactions and communications
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
,Hardware - correct answer✔✔Refers to the equipment - workstation design, systems,
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
displays, controls, seats ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
Software - correct answer✔✔Non-physical parts of the system. Organisational policies,
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
procedures, manuals, checklists, charts and computer programmes ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
Environment - correct answer✔✔Includes climate, temperature, visibility, vibration, noise ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
Respiratory system - correct answer✔✔-Mouth and nose ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
-Trachea ||\\//|\
-Bronchus ||\\//|\
-Alveoli
Circulatory system - correct answer✔✔-Pump (the heart) ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
-Collection of pipes (blood vessels) ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
-Blood (fills the system)
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
Circulatory system function - correct answer✔✔Move chemicals, biological products and
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
gases around the body
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
Haemoglobin - correct answer✔✔Oxygen is carried inside red blood cells from the ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
respiratory system. ||\\//|\
Artery - correct answer✔✔Flow away from the heart and carry mainly oxygenated blood
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
Veins - correct answer✔✔Flow back to the heart and carry mainly de-oxygenated blood
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
, G force affects can be reduced by; - correct answer✔✔-Wearing pressure suits or 'g' suits
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
-By being in the prone position
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
-Fitness - especially anaerobic exercise (weight lifting) ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
-Being female ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
-Using the straining manoeuvre ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
Positive G - correct answer✔✔Increases the heart rate in order to keep blood flowing to the
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
head, causes a loss of blood from the head to the eyes
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
Negative G - correct answer✔✔Caused by rapid bunting manoeuvre or pushover. Decreases ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
the heart rate and forces blood to the head area causing red out
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
Factors which reduce G tolerance - correct answer✔✔Hypoxia, Hypoglycaemia, alcohol,
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
smoking, poor physical fitness and fatigue ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
G-LOC - correct answer✔✔Loss of consciousness due to G forces. Takes at least 15 seconds
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
to recover from this.
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
Affect the risk of hypoxia; - correct answer✔✔-Individual differences
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
-Age ||\\//|\
-Fatigue ||\\//|\
-Lack of physical fitness ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
-Lack of training ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
-Cold ||\\//|\
-Smoking/drug and alcohol use ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
solutions
Professionalism - correct answer✔✔Qualities or feature or code of ethics of aviation ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
profession.
Airmanship - correct answer✔✔Consistent use of good judgement and well-developed ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
skills to accomplish flight objectives
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
Responsibility - correct answer✔✔Being responsible for personal actions and maintaining ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
standards of professionalism and airmanship. ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
Commercial flying vs private flying - correct answer✔✔Piloting for personal reasons the ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
pressures on the pilot are not as great as flying for hire or reward.||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
Human Factors - correct answer✔✔Defined as any factor that enhances or degrades
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
human performance. ||\\//|\
SHELL model - correct answer✔✔Often used to describe this interaction between the
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
following components. ||\\//|\
Central liveware - correct answer✔✔Human element or operator. Each person has their
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
own capabilities and limitations and interactions directly with the other four elements.
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
Liveware - correct answer✔✔Peripheral liveware refers to the human to human interaction
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
- Management, supervision, crew interactions and communications
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
,Hardware - correct answer✔✔Refers to the equipment - workstation design, systems,
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
displays, controls, seats ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
Software - correct answer✔✔Non-physical parts of the system. Organisational policies,
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
procedures, manuals, checklists, charts and computer programmes ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
Environment - correct answer✔✔Includes climate, temperature, visibility, vibration, noise ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
Respiratory system - correct answer✔✔-Mouth and nose ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
-Trachea ||\\//|\
-Bronchus ||\\//|\
-Alveoli
Circulatory system - correct answer✔✔-Pump (the heart) ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
-Collection of pipes (blood vessels) ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
-Blood (fills the system)
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
Circulatory system function - correct answer✔✔Move chemicals, biological products and
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
gases around the body
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
Haemoglobin - correct answer✔✔Oxygen is carried inside red blood cells from the ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
respiratory system. ||\\//|\
Artery - correct answer✔✔Flow away from the heart and carry mainly oxygenated blood
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
Veins - correct answer✔✔Flow back to the heart and carry mainly de-oxygenated blood
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
, G force affects can be reduced by; - correct answer✔✔-Wearing pressure suits or 'g' suits
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
-By being in the prone position
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
-Fitness - especially anaerobic exercise (weight lifting) ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
-Being female ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
-Using the straining manoeuvre ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
Positive G - correct answer✔✔Increases the heart rate in order to keep blood flowing to the
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
head, causes a loss of blood from the head to the eyes
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
Negative G - correct answer✔✔Caused by rapid bunting manoeuvre or pushover. Decreases ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
the heart rate and forces blood to the head area causing red out
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
Factors which reduce G tolerance - correct answer✔✔Hypoxia, Hypoglycaemia, alcohol,
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
smoking, poor physical fitness and fatigue ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
G-LOC - correct answer✔✔Loss of consciousness due to G forces. Takes at least 15 seconds
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
to recover from this.
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
Affect the risk of hypoxia; - correct answer✔✔-Individual differences
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
-Age ||\\//|\
-Fatigue ||\\//|\
-Lack of physical fitness ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
-Lack of training ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
-Cold ||\\//|\
-Smoking/drug and alcohol use ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
