Human Factors in Aviation Final Exam with verified ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
detailed answers ||\\//|\
1.1 Human Factors is ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
A. A difficult field of study because it is a multi-disciplinary field that requires the ability to
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
weave the concepts of each field into a system of thinking that maximizes the potential of
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
each field. ||\\//|\
B. A field of study that requires the perfect balance of optimized performance between the
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
human, the machine and the environment. ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
C. A topic that requires an individual to identify problems and the context of the problem,
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
determine all possible options and the best option to solve the problem and evaluate if the ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
choice was the best choice. ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
D. All of the above
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
E. None of the above. - correct answer✔✔D
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
1.2 Statistically, what percentage of aviation related accidents has been attributed to human
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
error?
||\\//|\
A. 1% - 2% ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
B. 20% - 30%
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C. 40% - 50% ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
D. 70% - 80% ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
E. 90% - 100% - correct answer✔✔D
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
1.3 ICAO has adopted the SHELL model to define Human Factors. One of the "Ls" (the one
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
in the middle of the diagram) is the person under consideration. What does the the other
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"L" focus on? ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
A. Pilot ||\\//|\
,B. Air Traffic Control
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
C. Dispatcher
||\\//|\
D. Any of the Above - correct answer✔✔D
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1.4 In the SHELL model of Human Factors, which interaction is considered the most
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
critical? In fact, training programs have been developed that focus on optimizing human
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
performance because of the importance of this relationship. ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
A. Liveware - Liveware
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B. Liveware - Environment
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C. Liveware - Hardware
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D. Liveware - Software - correct answer✔✔A
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1.5 The "error" analysis model of _________________ has been integrated into the
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
numerous human factors training programs. It is commonly referred to as the "Swiss ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
Cheese" model. ||\\//|\
A. J.L. Taylor
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
B. J. Rasmussen
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
C. S. Shappell
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
D. J. Reason - correct answer✔✔D
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
1.6 When discussing the six senses in class, what was discussed that was very powerful and
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
could influence decisions without being aware of its power and influence?
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
A. Sight
||\\//|\
B. Sound
||\\//|\
C. Touch
||\\//|\
D. Smell
||\\//|\
E. Taste
||\\//|\
, F. Balance ||\\//|\
G. Emotions - correct answer✔✔G
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1.7 What is true regarding the six senses and the training process?
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
A. Reading about how something is done, from several different points of view, helps
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
someone to understand how a task is best accomplished. ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
B. Watching an instructional video by an expert about how to accomplish a task.
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
C. Hearing a lecture by someone who is considered to be among the best in the world on
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
the specific topic being learned.
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
D. An instructional method that includes as many of the six senses possible to teach the
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
subject matter. - correct answer✔✔D ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
1.8 What type of attention allows us to focus on one particular part of our environment at a
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time?
||\\//|\
A. Divided attention
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B. Sustained attention
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
C. Selective attention - correct answer✔✔C
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1.9 What type of attention is required when multiple tasks require selective attention,
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
sustained attention or a combination of both? ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
A. Divided attention
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
B. Sustained attention
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
C. Selective attention - correct answer✔✔A
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
1.10 In class we discussed four cognitive biases that an individual should know about, be
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
able to recognize, and act to prevent it in order to reduce the possibility of making an error.
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
The definition that best fits the Expectation Bias is:
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
detailed answers ||\\//|\
1.1 Human Factors is ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
A. A difficult field of study because it is a multi-disciplinary field that requires the ability to
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
weave the concepts of each field into a system of thinking that maximizes the potential of
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
each field. ||\\//|\
B. A field of study that requires the perfect balance of optimized performance between the
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
human, the machine and the environment. ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
C. A topic that requires an individual to identify problems and the context of the problem,
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
determine all possible options and the best option to solve the problem and evaluate if the ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
choice was the best choice. ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
D. All of the above
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
E. None of the above. - correct answer✔✔D
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
1.2 Statistically, what percentage of aviation related accidents has been attributed to human
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
error?
||\\//|\
A. 1% - 2% ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
B. 20% - 30%
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
C. 40% - 50% ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
D. 70% - 80% ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
E. 90% - 100% - correct answer✔✔D
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
1.3 ICAO has adopted the SHELL model to define Human Factors. One of the "Ls" (the one
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
in the middle of the diagram) is the person under consideration. What does the the other
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
"L" focus on? ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
A. Pilot ||\\//|\
,B. Air Traffic Control
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
C. Dispatcher
||\\//|\
D. Any of the Above - correct answer✔✔D
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
1.4 In the SHELL model of Human Factors, which interaction is considered the most
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
critical? In fact, training programs have been developed that focus on optimizing human
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
performance because of the importance of this relationship. ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
A. Liveware - Liveware
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
B. Liveware - Environment
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
C. Liveware - Hardware
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
D. Liveware - Software - correct answer✔✔A
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
1.5 The "error" analysis model of _________________ has been integrated into the
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
numerous human factors training programs. It is commonly referred to as the "Swiss ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
Cheese" model. ||\\//|\
A. J.L. Taylor
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
B. J. Rasmussen
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
C. S. Shappell
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
D. J. Reason - correct answer✔✔D
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
1.6 When discussing the six senses in class, what was discussed that was very powerful and
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
could influence decisions without being aware of its power and influence?
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
A. Sight
||\\//|\
B. Sound
||\\//|\
C. Touch
||\\//|\
D. Smell
||\\//|\
E. Taste
||\\//|\
, F. Balance ||\\//|\
G. Emotions - correct answer✔✔G
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
1.7 What is true regarding the six senses and the training process?
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
A. Reading about how something is done, from several different points of view, helps
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
someone to understand how a task is best accomplished. ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
B. Watching an instructional video by an expert about how to accomplish a task.
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
C. Hearing a lecture by someone who is considered to be among the best in the world on
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
the specific topic being learned.
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
D. An instructional method that includes as many of the six senses possible to teach the
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
subject matter. - correct answer✔✔D ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
1.8 What type of attention allows us to focus on one particular part of our environment at a
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
time?
||\\//|\
A. Divided attention
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
B. Sustained attention
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
C. Selective attention - correct answer✔✔C
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
1.9 What type of attention is required when multiple tasks require selective attention,
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
sustained attention or a combination of both? ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
A. Divided attention
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
B. Sustained attention
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
C. Selective attention - correct answer✔✔A
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
1.10 In class we discussed four cognitive biases that an individual should know about, be
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
able to recognize, and act to prevent it in order to reduce the possibility of making an error.
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
The definition that best fits the Expectation Bias is:
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
