ATPL Human Factors Exam with accurate detailed ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
solutions
46.2.2 Define professionalism. - correct answer✔✔Professionalism in aviation refers to
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
someone who has: ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
- Expert and specialised knowledge in the field of aviation
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
- A high standard of ethics, behaviour and work activities while carrying out the duties of a
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
pilot
- High morale and motivation and a good attitude towards his/her work
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
- A high level of respect and shows appropriate treatment of relationships with colleagues
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
- A willingness to learn but also to teach
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
46.2.4 Distinguish between piloting for personal reasons and for hire or reward. - correct
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
answer✔✔Piloting for personal reasons would be using a private pilots licence, where as ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
piloting for hire or reward would be using a commercial licence.
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
46.2.6 Distinguish between safety, effectiveness and efficiency in terms of pilot
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
responsibilities - correct answer✔✔Safety: "The condition of being protected from, or ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
unlikely to cause, danger, risk, or injury" ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
Effectiveness: "The degree to which something is successful in producing a desired result" ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
Efficient: "Achieving maximum productivity with minimum wasted effort or expense"
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
46.2.8 List the people to whom a pilot is responsible in carrying out his or her duties. -
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
correct answer✔✔- Co-pilot(s) ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
- Cabin crew
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
- Other crew
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
- Passengers
||\\//|\
,46.2.10 List the people to whom a co-pilot is responsible in carrying out his or her duties. -
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
correct answer✔✔- Co-pilot(s) ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
- Cabin crew
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
- Other crew
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
- Passengers
||\\//|\
46.2.12 Describe key features of good and safe airmanship. - correct answer✔✔Someone
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
who has good and safe airmanship is someone who not only has knowledge and skill but
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
also has awareness of the aircraft, the environment and of his/her own limitations and
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
capabilities.
Components of good airmanship are: ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
- Situational awareness
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
- Common sense
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
- Discipline
||\\//|\
- Minimums ||\\//|\
- Risk Management
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
46.4.2 Define human factors as used in a professional aviation context. - correct
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
answer✔✔Human factors is about human performance and human limitations both in the ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
air and on the ground, it encourages pilots to know themselves and is made up of three
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
main parts: aviation medicine, aviation psychology and aviation ergonomics.
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
46.4.4 Describe the fundamentals of the SHELL Model in relation to the interaction of
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
humans with other humans, hardware, information sources, and the environment. - correct ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
answer✔✔The SHELL model is used to assist in the understanding of the relationship
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
between aviation system resources/environment and the human component in aviation. ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
The components of the SHELL model are:
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
,SOFTWARE
The interaction between the human operator and the non physical supporting systems. (e.g.
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
rules and procedures)
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
HARDWARE
The interaction between human operator and machine (e.g. ergonomics)
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
ENVIROMENT
The interaction between human operator and internal and external environments (e.g. air
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
conditioning and sound proofing) ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
LIVEWARE (pilot) ||\\//|\
The flight crew member who physically operates the aircraft, including their knowledge,
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
skills, abilities, culture, individual susceptibility and internal stressors.
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
LIVEWARE (other humans) ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
The people who operate outside the flight deck (e.g. ATC, cabin crew, engineers, ground
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
staff, CAA) ||\\//|\
The components of the SHELL model do not act separately, they all interact with the
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
central LIVEWARE (pilot) component. ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
46.4.6 Explain the role of human factors programmes in promoting aviation safety in flight
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
operations requiring an ATPL - correct answer✔✔Human factors programmes focus on the
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
faulty interactions of system components and human errors that lead to aviation accidents
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
and incidents. Human factors programmes aim to understand the causes behind these
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
faulty interactions and to develop new procedures and technologies to eliminate known
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
weaknesses, while also helping humans to perform better by addressing their inherent ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
, limitations. Human factors programmes are important in commercial aviation as it ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
proactively looks at ways we can reduce human error and the role of human error in ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
aviation accidents or incidents. ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
46.6.2 Describe the variation of pressure as altitude increases. - correct answer✔✔An
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
increase in altitude within the atmosphere results in a decrease of pressure. At sea level the
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
ISA atmospheric pressure is 1013 hPa dropping to approximately 846 hPa at 5,000ft.
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
46.6.4 Explain how the partial pressure of oxygen changes as altitude increases. - correct
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
answer✔✔The percentage of oxygen in the atmosphere stays the same as the altitude ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
increases, however as the pressure is decreasing the number of oxygen molecules is ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
decreasing too. The approximate partial pressure of oxygen at sea level is 213 hPa this ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
decreases to 178 hPa at 5,000ft. ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
46.8.2 Describe the physiology of the respiratory system. - correct answer✔✔The
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
Respiratory system is the system that introduces gases to the human body and performs a ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
gas exchange between oxygen and carbon dioxide. The system consists of:
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
-Lungs
-Respiratory muscles ||\\//|\
-Airways including the trachea. ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
It is the lungs role to constantly add oxygen into the body and remove carbon dioxide. The
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
process by which oxygen and Carbon dioxide are exchanged throughout the body is known
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
as diffusion. ||\\//|\
46.8.4 Describe the physiology of the circulatory system. - correct answer✔✔The
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
circulatory system or cardiovascular system is the system that carries oxygen rich blood ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
throughout the body. ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
solutions
46.2.2 Define professionalism. - correct answer✔✔Professionalism in aviation refers to
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
someone who has: ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
- Expert and specialised knowledge in the field of aviation
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
- A high standard of ethics, behaviour and work activities while carrying out the duties of a
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
pilot
- High morale and motivation and a good attitude towards his/her work
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
- A high level of respect and shows appropriate treatment of relationships with colleagues
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
- A willingness to learn but also to teach
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
46.2.4 Distinguish between piloting for personal reasons and for hire or reward. - correct
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
answer✔✔Piloting for personal reasons would be using a private pilots licence, where as ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
piloting for hire or reward would be using a commercial licence.
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
46.2.6 Distinguish between safety, effectiveness and efficiency in terms of pilot
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
responsibilities - correct answer✔✔Safety: "The condition of being protected from, or ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
unlikely to cause, danger, risk, or injury" ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
Effectiveness: "The degree to which something is successful in producing a desired result" ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
Efficient: "Achieving maximum productivity with minimum wasted effort or expense"
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
46.2.8 List the people to whom a pilot is responsible in carrying out his or her duties. -
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
correct answer✔✔- Co-pilot(s) ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
- Cabin crew
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
- Other crew
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
- Passengers
||\\//|\
,46.2.10 List the people to whom a co-pilot is responsible in carrying out his or her duties. -
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
correct answer✔✔- Co-pilot(s) ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
- Cabin crew
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
- Other crew
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
- Passengers
||\\//|\
46.2.12 Describe key features of good and safe airmanship. - correct answer✔✔Someone
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
who has good and safe airmanship is someone who not only has knowledge and skill but
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
also has awareness of the aircraft, the environment and of his/her own limitations and
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
capabilities.
Components of good airmanship are: ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
- Situational awareness
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
- Common sense
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
- Discipline
||\\//|\
- Minimums ||\\//|\
- Risk Management
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
46.4.2 Define human factors as used in a professional aviation context. - correct
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
answer✔✔Human factors is about human performance and human limitations both in the ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
air and on the ground, it encourages pilots to know themselves and is made up of three
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
main parts: aviation medicine, aviation psychology and aviation ergonomics.
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
46.4.4 Describe the fundamentals of the SHELL Model in relation to the interaction of
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
humans with other humans, hardware, information sources, and the environment. - correct ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
answer✔✔The SHELL model is used to assist in the understanding of the relationship
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
between aviation system resources/environment and the human component in aviation. ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
The components of the SHELL model are:
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
,SOFTWARE
The interaction between the human operator and the non physical supporting systems. (e.g.
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
rules and procedures)
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
HARDWARE
The interaction between human operator and machine (e.g. ergonomics)
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
ENVIROMENT
The interaction between human operator and internal and external environments (e.g. air
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
conditioning and sound proofing) ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
LIVEWARE (pilot) ||\\//|\
The flight crew member who physically operates the aircraft, including their knowledge,
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
skills, abilities, culture, individual susceptibility and internal stressors.
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
LIVEWARE (other humans) ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
The people who operate outside the flight deck (e.g. ATC, cabin crew, engineers, ground
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
staff, CAA) ||\\//|\
The components of the SHELL model do not act separately, they all interact with the
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
central LIVEWARE (pilot) component. ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
46.4.6 Explain the role of human factors programmes in promoting aviation safety in flight
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
operations requiring an ATPL - correct answer✔✔Human factors programmes focus on the
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
faulty interactions of system components and human errors that lead to aviation accidents
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
and incidents. Human factors programmes aim to understand the causes behind these
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
faulty interactions and to develop new procedures and technologies to eliminate known
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
weaknesses, while also helping humans to perform better by addressing their inherent ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
, limitations. Human factors programmes are important in commercial aviation as it ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
proactively looks at ways we can reduce human error and the role of human error in ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
aviation accidents or incidents. ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
46.6.2 Describe the variation of pressure as altitude increases. - correct answer✔✔An
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
increase in altitude within the atmosphere results in a decrease of pressure. At sea level the
||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
ISA atmospheric pressure is 1013 hPa dropping to approximately 846 hPa at 5,000ft.
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46.6.4 Explain how the partial pressure of oxygen changes as altitude increases. - correct
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answer✔✔The percentage of oxygen in the atmosphere stays the same as the altitude ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
increases, however as the pressure is decreasing the number of oxygen molecules is ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
decreasing too. The approximate partial pressure of oxygen at sea level is 213 hPa this ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
decreases to 178 hPa at 5,000ft. ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
46.8.2 Describe the physiology of the respiratory system. - correct answer✔✔The
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Respiratory system is the system that introduces gases to the human body and performs a ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
gas exchange between oxygen and carbon dioxide. The system consists of:
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-Lungs
-Respiratory muscles ||\\//|\
-Airways including the trachea. ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
It is the lungs role to constantly add oxygen into the body and remove carbon dioxide. The
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process by which oxygen and Carbon dioxide are exchanged throughout the body is known
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as diffusion. ||\\//|\
46.8.4 Describe the physiology of the circulatory system. - correct answer✔✔The
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circulatory system or cardiovascular system is the system that carries oxygen rich blood ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
throughout the body. ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\ ||\\//|\
