Comprehensive Nephrology Exam Guide: Pre-Renal, Intrinsic, Post-Renal AKI, Urine Sediment Analysis, FENa Interpretation, ATN, AIN, Nephrotic Syndrome, Emergent Dialysis Indications, and Glomerular Disorders Questions Provided with A+ Graded Rationales Lat

Comprehensive Nephrology Exam Guide: Pre-Renal, Intrinsic, Post-Renal AKI, Urine Sediment Analysis, FENa Interpretation, ATN, AIN, Nephrotic Syndrome, Emergent Dialysis Indications, and Glomerular Disorders Questions Provided with A+ Graded Rationales Latest Updated 2026 Pre-Renal What is the nephrologic condition: Specific Gravity- high Dipstick blood- negative Dipstick protein- negative Urine Sediment- negative, hyaline casts Vasculitis or Glomerulonephritis What is the nephrologic condition: Specific Gravity- normal/high Dipstick blood- positive Dipstick protein- positive Urine Sediment- RBC cases, dysmorphic RBCs Acute Tubular Necrosis What is the nephrologic condition: Specific Gravity- Isosmotic Dipstick blood- +/- Dipstick protein- negative Urine Sediment- Granular casts, RTECs Acute Interstitial Nephritis What is the nephrologic condition: Specific Gravity- Isosmotic Dipstick blood- +/- Dipstick protein- +/- Urine Sediment- WBC casts, eosinophils Post-Renal What is the nephrologic condition: Specific Gravity- Isosmotic Dipstick blood- negative Dipstick protein- negative Urine Sediment- negative, sometimes WBCs/RBCs Pre-Renal Pre, Post, or Intrinsic Renal Disorder? BUN/Cr: 20 Specific Gravity: ?1.02 Urine Osm: 350 Urine Na: 20 FeNa: 1 Ucreat/Pcreat: 40 Intrinsic Pre, Post, or Intrinsic Renal Disorder? BUN/Cr: 10-20 Specific Gravity: 1.010 Urine Osm: 300 Urine Na: 30 FeNa: 2 Ucreat/Pcreat: 20 Post-Renal Pre, Post, or Intrinsic Renal Disorder? BUN/Cr: 10-20 Specific Gravity: 1.010 Urine Osm: 400 Urine Na: 20 FeNa: 3 Ucreat/Pcreat: 20 Pre-Renal AKI - result of a decrease in renal blood flow and perfusion of the kidney -most common cause of AKI in outpatient setting Pre-Renal ______________ AKI etiology: -hypovolemia- vomiting, diarrhea, diuretics, etc -decreased cardiac output- MI/CHF -systemic vasodilation- sepsis, cirrhosis, anesthesia -atherosclerosis, fibromuscular dysplasia, medications that impair glomerular blood flow Intrinsic AKI -result of disease affecting one of the renal parenchymal compartments -most common cause of inpatient renal failure -kidneys unable to concentrace urine and reabsorb Na, H2O and urea Intrinsic ______________ AKI etiology: -Tubules: sepsis, ischemia, toxins like radiocontrast -Interstitium: allergic drug rxn, eosinophils -Glomeruli -Vascular Post-Renal AKI -result of obstruction to urinary flow anywhere along the urinary tract starting from the renal calyces/pelves and involving the ureters, bladder, and urethra -back up of urine causing renal damage and hydronephrosis Post-Renal ______________ AKI etiology: -Tubules: crystals -Ureteral: cancer, calculi, clot, sloughed papullary necrosis -Bladder Neck: tumors, calculi, BPH, prostate cancer, cervical cancer, neurogenic bladder -Urethral: strict