Ultimate High-Yield Clinical Medicine Exam Guide: Diabetes, Endocrine Disorders, Nutrition, Insulin Management, Micronutrients, Sports Injuries, OMT Techniques, Orthopedic Testing, Fractures, and Preventive Medicine Questions Verified and Complete with A+

Ultimate High-Yield Clinical Medicine Exam Guide: Diabetes, Endocrine Disorders, Nutrition, Insulin Management, Micronutrients, Sports Injuries, OMT Techniques, Orthopedic Testing, Fractures, and Preventive Medicine Questions Verified and Complete with A+ Graded Rationales Latest Updated 2026 Type 1 ______________ Diabetes is the gradual loss of insulin producing pancreatic B cells secondary to autoimmune destruction Type 2 ____________________ Diabetes occurs in genetically predisposed individuals who develop a chronic progressive disease characterized by insulin resistance and subsequent B cell failure Prediabetes ________________ Diagnosis: -Fasting plasma glucose: 100-125 mg/dL -A1c of 5.7-6.4% -Oral glucose tolerance test: 140-199 mg/dL Diabetes ________________ Diagnosis: -Fasting plasma glucose: 126 mg/dL -A1c of 6.5% -Oral glucose tolerance test: 200 mg/dL Increased the prevalence of total and diagnosed diabetes amoung U.S. adults 18 or older has steadily __________________ Statins Cardiovascular disease preventative measures for patients with diabetes ACE- inhibitors Kidney preventative measures for patients with diabetes -Anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) -islet cell antibodies -insulin antibodies -protein tyrosine phosphatase antibodies Antibodies present in patients with Type 1 Diabetes Type 2 Diabetes -pancreatic insufficiency -less insulin is made and the body becomes more resistant to insulin B cell apoptosis Glucose toxicity in type 2 diabetics leads to ________________________ 16 Every 1 kg of weight lost is associated with a _____% reduction in the risk of progression to diabetes Sulfonylureas -insulin secratagogue -Glyburide, Glipizide, and Glimepiride Biguanides (Metformin) -decreases hepatic glucose production and glucose absorption from the GI tract and increases peripheral utilization of glucose a-Glucosidase Inhibitors (acarbose and miglitol) -slows gut absorption of carbohydrates by inhibiting glucosidase enzymes -CI: IBD, malabsorption syndromes, and partial bowel obstructions Thiazolidinedione enhances tissue sensitivity to insulin in skeletal muscles by activating intraceullar peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors Thiazolidinedione -CI: advanced heart failure or a hx of bladder cancer -increases fracture risk in women -liver function testing required every 2 months for the first year DPP-4 Inhibitors -gliptins -increases the plasma levels of endogenous GLP-1 GLP-1 Agonists -enhances nutrient stimulated insulin secretion -inhibits glucagon secretion -delays gastric emptying GLP-1 Agonists Contraindicated in pts with personal or family hx of medullary thyroid carcinoma or MEN II Pramlintide -exogenous replacemet of amylin which is deficit in proportion with insulin deficiency in diabetes -adjunct treatment for diabetes -injected before meals SGLT2 Inhibitor "-gliflozin" -reduces renal threshold of glucose absorption Basal Insulin Analogs Glargine, Detemir, Degludec Prandial Insulin Regular, Intermediate, NPH Prandial Insulin Analog Affreza, Novolog, Humalog, Apidra Symptomatic pts w/ A1c 8.5% or anyone w/ A1c 9.0% When do you initiate insulin in Type 2 Diabetics? Metformin Drug of choice for T2D when A1c is 7.5% add a GLP-1 agonist or DPP-4 Inhibitor What should you do if you have a T2 diabetic that is on metformin, and there A1c is 6.5% after 3 months?