BIOL 251 Final Exam Review 2025 – 90+
Verified Questions & Answers | Human
Anatomy & Physiology I | Portage Learning
Course Overview
Course Code: BIOL 251
Course Title: Human Anatomy & Physiology I
Institution: Portage Learning
Exam Type: Final Comprehensive Exam Review 2025
Status: Updated and Verified (2025 Edition)
Section Topic Area Number of Questions
Section I Basic Anatomical Terminology & Organization 10
Section II Chemistry of Life & Cellular Function 12
Section III Tissue Types & Histology 10
,Section Topic Area Number of Questions
Section IV Skeletal System & Bone Physiology 10
Section V Muscular System 12
Section VI Nervous System 15
Section
Endocrine System 8
VII
Section
Homeostasis & Body Regulation 13
VIII
Part I – Multiple Choice Questions (Sample Verified Q&A)
1. Which of the following best describes the anatomical position?
A. Body lying face down, arms at sides
B. Body standing erect, feet parallel, palms facing forward ✅
C. Body sitting upright with legs extended
D. Body facing sideways
2. The smallest structural and functional unit of life is the:
A. Tissue
B. Organ
C. Cell ✅
D. Molecule
3. Which organelle is primarily responsible for energy production (ATP) in the cell?
A. Golgi apparatus
B. Nucleus
C. Mitochondria ✅
D. Lysosome
4. Which plane divides the body into right and left halves?
A. Transverse plane
B. Frontal plane
C. Sagittal plane ✅
D. Coronal plane
,5. The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane is called:
A. Filtration
B. Osmosis ✅
C. Diffusion
D. Active transport
6. Which connective tissue stores energy, insulates the body, and protects organs?
A. Areolar tissue
B. Adipose tissue ✅
C. Dense regular tissue
D. Reticular tissue
7. The axial skeleton includes all of the following except:
A. Skull
B. Vertebral column
C. Pelvic girdle ✅
D. Thoracic cage
8. The primary function of osteoclasts is:
A. Build new bone matrix
B. Destroy bone tissue ✅
C. Maintain bone tissue
D. Form cartilage
9. The sarcomere is the functional unit of:
A. Bone
B. Muscle ✅
C. Nerve
D. Skin
10. The neurotransmitter that stimulates skeletal muscle contraction is:
A. Dopamine
B. Acetylcholine ✅
C. Serotonin
D. Epinephrine
, Part II – Short Answer / Conceptual Questions
11. Explain how negative feedback maintains homeostasis.
Answer: Negative feedback works by detecting changes in a physiological variable and
initiating responses that counteract the deviation from the normal range (e.g., body
temperature regulation).
12. List the four primary tissue types in the human body.
Answer: Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue ✅
13. Describe the difference between compact bone and spongy bone.
Answer: Compact bone is dense and forms the external layer of bones, while spongy bone
contains trabeculae and is found in the ends of long bones. ✅
14. Name the three types of muscle tissue and indicate whether they are voluntary
or involuntary.
Answer: Skeletal (voluntary), cardiac (involuntary), smooth (involuntary) ✅
15. What part of the neuron carries impulses away from the cell body?
Answer: The axon ✅
Part III – Applied Clinical & Conceptual Review
16. Which part of the brain controls balance and coordination?
Answer: The cerebellum ✅
17. The “fight or flight” response is controlled by which branch of the autonomic nervous
system?
Answer: The sympathetic division ✅
18. Identify two major endocrine glands and their primary hormones.
Answer:
Verified Questions & Answers | Human
Anatomy & Physiology I | Portage Learning
Course Overview
Course Code: BIOL 251
Course Title: Human Anatomy & Physiology I
Institution: Portage Learning
Exam Type: Final Comprehensive Exam Review 2025
Status: Updated and Verified (2025 Edition)
Section Topic Area Number of Questions
Section I Basic Anatomical Terminology & Organization 10
Section II Chemistry of Life & Cellular Function 12
Section III Tissue Types & Histology 10
,Section Topic Area Number of Questions
Section IV Skeletal System & Bone Physiology 10
Section V Muscular System 12
Section VI Nervous System 15
Section
Endocrine System 8
VII
Section
Homeostasis & Body Regulation 13
VIII
Part I – Multiple Choice Questions (Sample Verified Q&A)
1. Which of the following best describes the anatomical position?
A. Body lying face down, arms at sides
B. Body standing erect, feet parallel, palms facing forward ✅
C. Body sitting upright with legs extended
D. Body facing sideways
2. The smallest structural and functional unit of life is the:
A. Tissue
B. Organ
C. Cell ✅
D. Molecule
3. Which organelle is primarily responsible for energy production (ATP) in the cell?
A. Golgi apparatus
B. Nucleus
C. Mitochondria ✅
D. Lysosome
4. Which plane divides the body into right and left halves?
A. Transverse plane
B. Frontal plane
C. Sagittal plane ✅
D. Coronal plane
,5. The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane is called:
A. Filtration
B. Osmosis ✅
C. Diffusion
D. Active transport
6. Which connective tissue stores energy, insulates the body, and protects organs?
A. Areolar tissue
B. Adipose tissue ✅
C. Dense regular tissue
D. Reticular tissue
7. The axial skeleton includes all of the following except:
A. Skull
B. Vertebral column
C. Pelvic girdle ✅
D. Thoracic cage
8. The primary function of osteoclasts is:
A. Build new bone matrix
B. Destroy bone tissue ✅
C. Maintain bone tissue
D. Form cartilage
9. The sarcomere is the functional unit of:
A. Bone
B. Muscle ✅
C. Nerve
D. Skin
10. The neurotransmitter that stimulates skeletal muscle contraction is:
A. Dopamine
B. Acetylcholine ✅
C. Serotonin
D. Epinephrine
, Part II – Short Answer / Conceptual Questions
11. Explain how negative feedback maintains homeostasis.
Answer: Negative feedback works by detecting changes in a physiological variable and
initiating responses that counteract the deviation from the normal range (e.g., body
temperature regulation).
12. List the four primary tissue types in the human body.
Answer: Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue ✅
13. Describe the difference between compact bone and spongy bone.
Answer: Compact bone is dense and forms the external layer of bones, while spongy bone
contains trabeculae and is found in the ends of long bones. ✅
14. Name the three types of muscle tissue and indicate whether they are voluntary
or involuntary.
Answer: Skeletal (voluntary), cardiac (involuntary), smooth (involuntary) ✅
15. What part of the neuron carries impulses away from the cell body?
Answer: The axon ✅
Part III – Applied Clinical & Conceptual Review
16. Which part of the brain controls balance and coordination?
Answer: The cerebellum ✅
17. The “fight or flight” response is controlled by which branch of the autonomic nervous
system?
Answer: The sympathetic division ✅
18. Identify two major endocrine glands and their primary hormones.
Answer:
