ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1 FOR HESI
EXAMS 2026 NEWLY UPDATED SOLUTION GUIDE
100% BEST SOLUTION
ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY – 250
QUESTION HESI MEGA BANK
SET 1: Questions 1–50
CELLULAR & MOLECULAR
PATHOPYSIOLOGY (1–15)
1. A patient experiences prolonged ischemia. The point of no return occurs when:
A. ATP decreases
B. Ribosomes detach
C. Plasma membrane integrity is lost
D. Cell swelling occurs
Answer: C
Rationale: Loss of membrane integrity = irreversible injury.
2. Reperfusion injury worsens damage due to:
A. Oxygen deprivation
B. ROS generation
,C. Sodium loss
D. Decreased calcium
Answer: B
3. Increased intracellular calcium activates: (SATA)
A. Proteases
B. Phospholipases
C. Endonucleases
D. DNA repair enzymes
Answer: A, B, C
4. Which condition demonstrates hyperplasia?
A. LV hypertrophy
B. Enlarged prostate
C. Skeletal muscle growth
D. Brain tumor
Answer: B
5. Metaplasia increases risk for:
A. Fibrosis
B. Dysplasia
C. Shock
D. Hemolysis
Answer: B
6. Tumor suppressor gene loss leads to:
A. Increased apoptosis
B. Uncontrolled cell division
C. DNA repair
D. Cell cycle arrest
,Answer: B
7. p53 normally:
A. Promotes angiogenesis
B. Repairs DNA or induces apoptosis
C. Activates oncogenes
D. Suppresses immunity
Answer: B
8. Necrosis differs from apoptosis because necrosis:
A. Is programmed
B. Causes inflammation
C. Requires ATP
D. Shrinks cells
Answer: B
9. Cachexia is mediated by:
A. Insulin
B. TNF-α
C. Cortisol deficiency
D. Hyperglycemia
Answer: B
10. Angiogenesis in cancer is stimulated by:
A. VEGF
B. BNP
C. TSH
D. EPO
Answer: A
, 11. Atrophy may result from: (SATA)
A. Denervation
B. Malnutrition
C. Increased workload
D. Aging
Answer: A, B, D
12. Liquefactive necrosis is typical in:
A. MI
B. Brain infarct
C. Muscle trauma
D. Renal ischemia
Answer: B
13. Coagulative necrosis is most common in:
A. Brain
B. Heart
C. Abscess
D. TB
Answer: B
14. Dysplasia indicates:
A. Malignancy
B. Premalignant cellular disorganization
C. Cell enlargement
D. Cell death
Answer: B
EXAMS 2026 NEWLY UPDATED SOLUTION GUIDE
100% BEST SOLUTION
ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY – 250
QUESTION HESI MEGA BANK
SET 1: Questions 1–50
CELLULAR & MOLECULAR
PATHOPYSIOLOGY (1–15)
1. A patient experiences prolonged ischemia. The point of no return occurs when:
A. ATP decreases
B. Ribosomes detach
C. Plasma membrane integrity is lost
D. Cell swelling occurs
Answer: C
Rationale: Loss of membrane integrity = irreversible injury.
2. Reperfusion injury worsens damage due to:
A. Oxygen deprivation
B. ROS generation
,C. Sodium loss
D. Decreased calcium
Answer: B
3. Increased intracellular calcium activates: (SATA)
A. Proteases
B. Phospholipases
C. Endonucleases
D. DNA repair enzymes
Answer: A, B, C
4. Which condition demonstrates hyperplasia?
A. LV hypertrophy
B. Enlarged prostate
C. Skeletal muscle growth
D. Brain tumor
Answer: B
5. Metaplasia increases risk for:
A. Fibrosis
B. Dysplasia
C. Shock
D. Hemolysis
Answer: B
6. Tumor suppressor gene loss leads to:
A. Increased apoptosis
B. Uncontrolled cell division
C. DNA repair
D. Cell cycle arrest
,Answer: B
7. p53 normally:
A. Promotes angiogenesis
B. Repairs DNA or induces apoptosis
C. Activates oncogenes
D. Suppresses immunity
Answer: B
8. Necrosis differs from apoptosis because necrosis:
A. Is programmed
B. Causes inflammation
C. Requires ATP
D. Shrinks cells
Answer: B
9. Cachexia is mediated by:
A. Insulin
B. TNF-α
C. Cortisol deficiency
D. Hyperglycemia
Answer: B
10. Angiogenesis in cancer is stimulated by:
A. VEGF
B. BNP
C. TSH
D. EPO
Answer: A
, 11. Atrophy may result from: (SATA)
A. Denervation
B. Malnutrition
C. Increased workload
D. Aging
Answer: A, B, D
12. Liquefactive necrosis is typical in:
A. MI
B. Brain infarct
C. Muscle trauma
D. Renal ischemia
Answer: B
13. Coagulative necrosis is most common in:
A. Brain
B. Heart
C. Abscess
D. TB
Answer: B
14. Dysplasia indicates:
A. Malignancy
B. Premalignant cellular disorganization
C. Cell enlargement
D. Cell death
Answer: B
