PALS- RECOGNITION OF RESPIRATORY DISTRESS & FAILURE (FUNDAMENTAL ISSUES ASSOC WITH RESP PROBLEMS) QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS

PALS- RECOGNITION OF RESPIRATORY
DISTRESS & FAILURE (FUNDAMENTAL
ISSUES ASSOC WITH RESP PROBLEMS)
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS

RespiratoryA2distressA2-A2Ans---A2conditionA2ofA2abnormalA2respA2rateA2&A2effort

signsA2&A2symptomsA2encompassingA2respiratoryA2distressA2-A2Ans---
A2tachypneaA2withA2retractions
-A2agonalA2gasps
-A2increasedA2workA2ofA2breathing
-A2inadequateA2respiratoryA2effortA2(ie-A2hypoventilationA2orA2bradypnea)
-irregularA2breathing

MainA2functionA2ofA2theA2respiratoryA2systemA2-A2Ans---A2gasA2exchange
-A2airA2isA2takenA2intoA2theA2lungsA2withA2inspiration
-
A202A2diffusesA2fromA2theA2alveolusA2intoA2theA2blood,A2whereA2someA202A2dissolvesA2inA2
plasma
-A2mostA202A2thatA2entersA2theA2bloodA2isA2attachedA2toA2hemoglobin

oxygenA2saturationA2-A2Ans---
A2percentageA2ofA2hemoglobinA2thatA2becomesA2boundA2toA202
-
A2whenA2bloodA2passesA2throughA2theA2lungs,A2C02A2diffusesA2fromA2theA2bloodA2intoA2the
A2alveoli;A2itA2isA2exhaled


acuteA2respiratoryA2problemsA2canA2resultA2from:A2-A2Ans---
A2anyA2alterationsA2inA2respA2systemA2-
A2fromA2theA2alveoliA2(lungA2parenchyma)A2toA2theA2airway
-
A2CNSA2diseaseA2(seizuresA2orA2headA2trauma)A2canA2impairA2controlA2ofA2respiration,A2le
adingA2toA2decreasedA2respA2rate
-
A2muscleA2weaknessA2(eitherA2primaryA2((muscularA2dystrophy))A2orA2secondaryA2((fatigu
e))A2mayA2alsoA2impairA2oxygenationA2orA2ventilation

metabolicA2rateA2inA2childrenA2-A2Ans---
A2haveA2aA2highA2metabolicA2rateA2soA202A2demandA2/kgA2ofA2bodyA2weightA2isA2high
-A202A2consumptionA2inA2infantsA2isA26-8A2ml/kgA2perA2minuteA2(comparedA2withA23-4ml/
kgA2perA2minuteA2inA2adults

, -
thereforeA2hypoxemiaA2&A2tissueA2hypoxiaA2canA2developA2moreA2rapidlyA2inA2aA2childA2th
anA2inA2anA2adultA2ifA2apneaA2orA2inadequateA2alveolarA2ventilationA2occurs

hypoxemiaA2-A2Ans---
A2lowA2arterialA202A2tensionA2(pa02)A2thatA2isA2associatedA2withA2aA2lowA202A2saturationA2a
ssessedA2byA2SP02A2(pulseA2oximeter)

WhatA2doesA2hypoxemiaA2indicate?A2-A2Ans---A2inadequateA2oxygenation
-A2anA2SP02A2<A294%A2RAA2indicatesA2hypoxemia

tissueA2hypoxiaA2-A2Ans---
A202A2deliveryA2isA2notA2adequateA2toA2meetA2tissueA202A2demand
-A2hypoxemiaA2doesA2notA2alwaysA2leadA2tissueA2hypoxia

compensatoryA2mechanismsA2-A2Ans---A2canA2increaseA202-A2carryingA2capacityA2(ie-
A2increasedA2hgbA2concentration)A2orA2bloodA2flowA2(ie-
A2increasedA2COA2toA2maintainA2tissueA2oxygenationA2despiteA2hypoxemiaA2(ie-
A2childA2withA2cyanoticA2congenitalA2heartA2diseaseA2hasA2decreasedA2arterialA20sA2satura
tionA2butA2doesA2notA2haveA2tissueA2hypoxiaA2asA2longA2asA2COA2remainsA2adequateA2&A2
hgbA2concA2isA2slightlyA2elevated
-conversely,A202A2deliveryA2toA2theA2tissuesA2canA2beA2inadequateA2(ie-
A2shockA2orA2severeA2anemia)A2despiteA2adequateA2arterialA202A2saturation
-hyperventilationA2(initial)
-A2tachycardiaA2(increasesA2CO)
*asA2tissueA2hypoxiaA2worsens,A2theseA2signsA2becomeA2moreA2severe

hyperventilationA2-A2Ans---
A2inA2responseA2toA2tissueA2hypoxiaA2childA2mayA2initiallyA2compensateA2byA2increasingA2r
ateA2&A2depth

signsA2ofA2tissueA2hypoxiaA2(9)A2-A2Ans--1)A2tachycardiaA2(earlyA2sign)
2)A2tachypnea
3)A2nasalA2flaring,A2retractions
4)A2agitation,A2anxiety,A2irritability
5)A2pallor
6)A2cyanosisA2(lateA2sign)
7)A2decreasedA2LOCA2(lateA2sign)
8)A2bradypneaA2(lateA2sign)
9)A2bradycardiaA2(lateA2sign)

arterialA202A2contentA2-A2Ans---totalA2amountA2ofA202A2carriedA2inA2theA2blood
-A2inA2(mlA202A2perA2dlA2ofA2blood)
-
itA2isA2theA2sumA2ofA2theA2quantityA2ofA202A2boundA2toA2hgbA2+A2theA202A2dissolvedA2inA2art
erialA2bloodA2