Patho Final Exam Review ETSU CON UPDATED ACTUAL
Questions and CORRECT Answers
What is an aneuploidy? > abnormal number of chromosomes
>"better to have extra than less"
>monosomy - often lethal
>trisomy - can survive with certain chromosomes
Autosomal recessive disorder >two copies of an abnormal gene must be present in order for the disease or trait
to develop
>Sickle cell anemia; Cystic fibrosis
What are some autosomal aneuploidy syndrome's? >trisomy 21 - down syndrome
>Turner syndrome - 45X - found in females
>Klinefelter syndrome - 47XXY - found in males
ABG values [pH, PCO2, HCO3] >pH 7.35-7.45
>PCO2 35-45 ( <35 basic; >45 acidic)(respiratory)
>HCO3 21-28 (metabolic)
Third spacing >loss of ECF into interstitial space
>hypertonic fluid (albumin) pulls fluid back in
WBC 5,000-10,000/mm3
Na (sodium) 135-145
K (Potassium) 3.5-5
Calcium 8.5-10.5
BUN 10-20
Creatinine 0.6-1.2
Specific gravity 1.010-1.030
Platelets 150,000-400,000
Hypocalcemia >Chvostek's-facial tap >Trousseau's signs - thumb and index finger will draw
together
>foods high in Ca and Vitamin D
Calcium - Phosphorus Relationship >Calcium goes up Phosphorus goes down
>Phosphorus goes up Calcium down
, Types of wound drainage >Serous- clear, watery
>Purulent- yellow, green, tan or brown & odor
>Serosanguineous- pale, red, watery: mixture of clear red fluid (pink)-thin
>Sanguineous- active bleeding - bright red (active process)
Elements essential for wound healing Zinc
Iron
Vitamin C
Types of WBC >neutrophils >eosinophils
>basophils
>monocytes >lymphocytes
Cytokines responsible for activating other cells and regulating inflammatory response
Mast cells release.... histamine
What is the function of platelets? >activated by tissue destruction and inflammation
>stops bleeding
What are phagocytes? >Neutrophils: 1st to arrive
>Macrophages and Monocytes: produced in bone marrow and migrate to
inflamed area
What is an antigen? >a toxin or other foreign substance that induces an immune response in the body,
especially the production of antibodies.
>stimulates B cells to produce antibodies
Immunogens Induce production of antibodies, T and B cells
All immunogens are antigens but not all antigens are immunogens
IgG >most abundant
>accounts for most of the protective cavity against infections
IgA In secretions
Tears
Saliva and mucous membranes
Colostrum
IgM >largest
>first antibody produced during primary response to an antigen
IgD >located primarily on the surface of developing B lymphocytes
IgE allergic reactions and lysis of parasitic worms
Questions and CORRECT Answers
What is an aneuploidy? > abnormal number of chromosomes
>"better to have extra than less"
>monosomy - often lethal
>trisomy - can survive with certain chromosomes
Autosomal recessive disorder >two copies of an abnormal gene must be present in order for the disease or trait
to develop
>Sickle cell anemia; Cystic fibrosis
What are some autosomal aneuploidy syndrome's? >trisomy 21 - down syndrome
>Turner syndrome - 45X - found in females
>Klinefelter syndrome - 47XXY - found in males
ABG values [pH, PCO2, HCO3] >pH 7.35-7.45
>PCO2 35-45 ( <35 basic; >45 acidic)(respiratory)
>HCO3 21-28 (metabolic)
Third spacing >loss of ECF into interstitial space
>hypertonic fluid (albumin) pulls fluid back in
WBC 5,000-10,000/mm3
Na (sodium) 135-145
K (Potassium) 3.5-5
Calcium 8.5-10.5
BUN 10-20
Creatinine 0.6-1.2
Specific gravity 1.010-1.030
Platelets 150,000-400,000
Hypocalcemia >Chvostek's-facial tap >Trousseau's signs - thumb and index finger will draw
together
>foods high in Ca and Vitamin D
Calcium - Phosphorus Relationship >Calcium goes up Phosphorus goes down
>Phosphorus goes up Calcium down
, Types of wound drainage >Serous- clear, watery
>Purulent- yellow, green, tan or brown & odor
>Serosanguineous- pale, red, watery: mixture of clear red fluid (pink)-thin
>Sanguineous- active bleeding - bright red (active process)
Elements essential for wound healing Zinc
Iron
Vitamin C
Types of WBC >neutrophils >eosinophils
>basophils
>monocytes >lymphocytes
Cytokines responsible for activating other cells and regulating inflammatory response
Mast cells release.... histamine
What is the function of platelets? >activated by tissue destruction and inflammation
>stops bleeding
What are phagocytes? >Neutrophils: 1st to arrive
>Macrophages and Monocytes: produced in bone marrow and migrate to
inflamed area
What is an antigen? >a toxin or other foreign substance that induces an immune response in the body,
especially the production of antibodies.
>stimulates B cells to produce antibodies
Immunogens Induce production of antibodies, T and B cells
All immunogens are antigens but not all antigens are immunogens
IgG >most abundant
>accounts for most of the protective cavity against infections
IgA In secretions
Tears
Saliva and mucous membranes
Colostrum
IgM >largest
>first antibody produced during primary response to an antigen
IgD >located primarily on the surface of developing B lymphocytes
IgE allergic reactions and lysis of parasitic worms
