CRM 1300 MIDTERM 1 EXAM QUESTIONS WITH
ANSWERS 100% PASS
CLASSIC CRIMINOLOGY: Sutherland (1924) - ANSWER Criminology is the body of
knowledge regarding crime as a social phenomenon and the:
MAKING LAWS: The study of crime → what, how, why,
BREAKING LAWS: The study of those who commit crime → individual and social causes
that lead to crime
SOCIETAL REACTION towards the breaking of laws: The study of the criminal justice
system and how that different group respond to law breaking
MODERN CRIMINOLOGY: David Garland (2002) - ANSWER Modern criminology is the
product of two initially separate streams of work:
The governmental project: essentially use of science in the state management and
control of criminology → The criminologist is a problem solver rather than probleme
raiser
The Lombrosian project → develop etiological and explanatory science based on the
premise that criminals can somehow be scientifically different from non criminals
Scientist (role) - ANSWER Produce valid and reliable evidence regarding the cause of
crime and the preventative measure that can be used, the policing tactics and penal
programmes that are most likely to reduce crime
Stick to natural science, randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews and
programme evaluation, depersonalisation
Policy advisor (role) - ANSWER I think it's a professional responsibility to use the
findings of our reachear to inform debate and improve policy and practice. CJS→
implemente thing that are KNOWN to work
Should be louder more assertive promoters of the established criminological truth to
develop and nurture the shaping of policy and advocate and defend without
radicalisation like abolishment
, Social movement activist (role) - ANSWER The role of the criminologist is to analyze the
condition that give rise to social exclusion and inequality and put their knowledge and
skills to the service of those who are victimized by their class, gender, ethnicity,
sexuality, disability or age → abolish prisons
Social theorist (role) - ANSWER The role of the theories it to develop macro explanation
of pattern of crime and social control that set these issues in the context of global
economic, social and technological changes in a variety of societies →implication of
criminology on the directionality of society (emergence of crime, emergence of new
control methods)
HARM BASED DEFINITION - ANSWER Crime as defined by the criminal law does not
adequately capture the range of harms generated by the nation-states and corporations
→ Focus on all conduct that causes social harm whether or not such conduct is officially
defined as criminal (workplace deaths, adverse reactions to meds)
SOCIAL CONSTRUCT DEFINITION OF CRIME - ANSWER Crime is not a universal or
objective phenomenon but is instead a construct. What gets defined as a crime is the
outcome of interaction between various groups, each pursuing their own unique
interest. What is defined as crime varies across time and place. More power = greater
imposition of their definition of crime (serves the interest of some groups more than
others) Crime is a label applied under particular circumstances to certain facts
Official statistics (description) - ANSWER Official stats: Data collected by LAEs
Collected by local departments → compiled/aggregated at the federal level → diffused to
the public
Official statistics (limitations) - ANSWER Only capture a fraction of the "dark figure" of
crime → a lot doesn't make it into the official reports
Offense focused rather than victim/perpetrator focused → quantitative
Cover a limited range of crimes → focused on violent and property crime NO white collar
Not all law enforcement agencies participate; it's voluntary → mostly impact rural areas
Variation or recording and enforcement policies as well as the allocation of resources
towards certain crimes
ANSWERS 100% PASS
CLASSIC CRIMINOLOGY: Sutherland (1924) - ANSWER Criminology is the body of
knowledge regarding crime as a social phenomenon and the:
MAKING LAWS: The study of crime → what, how, why,
BREAKING LAWS: The study of those who commit crime → individual and social causes
that lead to crime
SOCIETAL REACTION towards the breaking of laws: The study of the criminal justice
system and how that different group respond to law breaking
MODERN CRIMINOLOGY: David Garland (2002) - ANSWER Modern criminology is the
product of two initially separate streams of work:
The governmental project: essentially use of science in the state management and
control of criminology → The criminologist is a problem solver rather than probleme
raiser
The Lombrosian project → develop etiological and explanatory science based on the
premise that criminals can somehow be scientifically different from non criminals
Scientist (role) - ANSWER Produce valid and reliable evidence regarding the cause of
crime and the preventative measure that can be used, the policing tactics and penal
programmes that are most likely to reduce crime
Stick to natural science, randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews and
programme evaluation, depersonalisation
Policy advisor (role) - ANSWER I think it's a professional responsibility to use the
findings of our reachear to inform debate and improve policy and practice. CJS→
implemente thing that are KNOWN to work
Should be louder more assertive promoters of the established criminological truth to
develop and nurture the shaping of policy and advocate and defend without
radicalisation like abolishment
, Social movement activist (role) - ANSWER The role of the criminologist is to analyze the
condition that give rise to social exclusion and inequality and put their knowledge and
skills to the service of those who are victimized by their class, gender, ethnicity,
sexuality, disability or age → abolish prisons
Social theorist (role) - ANSWER The role of the theories it to develop macro explanation
of pattern of crime and social control that set these issues in the context of global
economic, social and technological changes in a variety of societies →implication of
criminology on the directionality of society (emergence of crime, emergence of new
control methods)
HARM BASED DEFINITION - ANSWER Crime as defined by the criminal law does not
adequately capture the range of harms generated by the nation-states and corporations
→ Focus on all conduct that causes social harm whether or not such conduct is officially
defined as criminal (workplace deaths, adverse reactions to meds)
SOCIAL CONSTRUCT DEFINITION OF CRIME - ANSWER Crime is not a universal or
objective phenomenon but is instead a construct. What gets defined as a crime is the
outcome of interaction between various groups, each pursuing their own unique
interest. What is defined as crime varies across time and place. More power = greater
imposition of their definition of crime (serves the interest of some groups more than
others) Crime is a label applied under particular circumstances to certain facts
Official statistics (description) - ANSWER Official stats: Data collected by LAEs
Collected by local departments → compiled/aggregated at the federal level → diffused to
the public
Official statistics (limitations) - ANSWER Only capture a fraction of the "dark figure" of
crime → a lot doesn't make it into the official reports
Offense focused rather than victim/perpetrator focused → quantitative
Cover a limited range of crimes → focused on violent and property crime NO white collar
Not all law enforcement agencies participate; it's voluntary → mostly impact rural areas
Variation or recording and enforcement policies as well as the allocation of resources
towards certain crimes
