ONC;ORTHOPEDIC NURSING STUDY
ANSWERS|LATEST !!!!2026|GRADED A+| (EXAM
Lachman Test- what is it, and how do we position for test. - ANSWER Best indicator
of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury
Done to detect the presence of an ACL tear
Position the patient supine with knee at 200 to 300 of flexion. The leg should also be slightly
externally rotated.
Use one hand to stabilize the femur while moving the proximal tibia anteriorly.
Musculoskeletal System- Major Parts: - ANSWER Bones: 206 in adults; inorganic
salts with collagen fiber framework.
Joints: Collective term that includes relevant ligaments and tendons.
Muscles
Ligaments
Tendons
Musculoskeletal System- Purposes - ANSWER Calcium and other mineral storage
Form and shape of the body
Movement of the body
Organ protection
Hematopoiesis
Bone shapes- Long - ANSWER Found in extremities.
Examples: Femur, tibia, humerus
1
,Bone shapes- Short - ANSWER Found in feet and hands
Examples: Tarsal and carpal bones (e.g. metacarpals, metatarsals)
Bone shapes- Flat - ANSWER Found in the skull (frontal/parietal bones)
Found in the ribs, scapulae, sternum, ilium, and pubis
Bone shapes- Irregular - ANSWER Found in the spine (vertebrae)
Found in the skull (mandible, sphenoid, etc.)
Bone Structure- cortical/compact - ANSWER Networks (haversian systems) of
interconnecting canals
Canals (canaliculi) contain capillaries and provide nutrients and fluids to bone and connect
all the lacunae.
Contains lamellae (layers) and lacunae (small openings between lamellae)
Lacunae holds osteocytes (bone cells)
Bone Structure-
Cancellous/spongy/trabecular - ANSWER Trabeculae: Thin plates form interior
meshwork
Random directional placement give structural support.
Inorganic mineral salts enable bones to flex and withstand a certain amount of compression.
Bone growth- osteoclasts - ANSWER Phagocytic cells
Digest older weak bone
Bone growth- osteoblasts - ANSWER Inner and outer surfaces of bones
Produce the osteoid (bone matrix)
2
, Fill in sections cleared of old bone by osteoclasts
Eventually become mature bone cells (osteocytes)
Bone growth- Pediatric bone growth - ANSWER Epiphyseal plate: Cartilage layer
between diaphysis and epiphysis of long bones.
Epiphyseal line: in adults after the plate has become ossified.
Remodeling in the plate promotes longitudinal growth until the plates close at some point in
adolescence.
Substances needed for bone growth - ANSWER Calcium, phosphate, vitamin D
Small amounts of Na, Mg, and potassium carbonate
Alkaline phosphatase (alk phos)
Parathyroid hormone breaks down bone and works against growth.
High Serum Alk Phos Differential Diagnoses - ANSWER Bone metastases (increased
osteoblast activity)
Paget's disease (increased osteoblast activity)
Biliary obstruction
Excess vitamin D
Hyperparathyroidism
Joint Classification by structure-
1. Fibrous (synarthroses)
2. Cartilaginous (amphiarthroses)
3. Synovial (diarthroses) - ANSWER 1. Mostly stability, very little movement; skull
sutures
2. Limited movement; intravertebral joints
3. Greatest movement; limb joints. Articular cartilage covers ends of synovial joint bones.
Held together by articular (fibrous) capsule and surrounded by ligaments, tendons, and
3
ANSWERS|LATEST !!!!2026|GRADED A+| (EXAM
Lachman Test- what is it, and how do we position for test. - ANSWER Best indicator
of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury
Done to detect the presence of an ACL tear
Position the patient supine with knee at 200 to 300 of flexion. The leg should also be slightly
externally rotated.
Use one hand to stabilize the femur while moving the proximal tibia anteriorly.
Musculoskeletal System- Major Parts: - ANSWER Bones: 206 in adults; inorganic
salts with collagen fiber framework.
Joints: Collective term that includes relevant ligaments and tendons.
Muscles
Ligaments
Tendons
Musculoskeletal System- Purposes - ANSWER Calcium and other mineral storage
Form and shape of the body
Movement of the body
Organ protection
Hematopoiesis
Bone shapes- Long - ANSWER Found in extremities.
Examples: Femur, tibia, humerus
1
,Bone shapes- Short - ANSWER Found in feet and hands
Examples: Tarsal and carpal bones (e.g. metacarpals, metatarsals)
Bone shapes- Flat - ANSWER Found in the skull (frontal/parietal bones)
Found in the ribs, scapulae, sternum, ilium, and pubis
Bone shapes- Irregular - ANSWER Found in the spine (vertebrae)
Found in the skull (mandible, sphenoid, etc.)
Bone Structure- cortical/compact - ANSWER Networks (haversian systems) of
interconnecting canals
Canals (canaliculi) contain capillaries and provide nutrients and fluids to bone and connect
all the lacunae.
Contains lamellae (layers) and lacunae (small openings between lamellae)
Lacunae holds osteocytes (bone cells)
Bone Structure-
Cancellous/spongy/trabecular - ANSWER Trabeculae: Thin plates form interior
meshwork
Random directional placement give structural support.
Inorganic mineral salts enable bones to flex and withstand a certain amount of compression.
Bone growth- osteoclasts - ANSWER Phagocytic cells
Digest older weak bone
Bone growth- osteoblasts - ANSWER Inner and outer surfaces of bones
Produce the osteoid (bone matrix)
2
, Fill in sections cleared of old bone by osteoclasts
Eventually become mature bone cells (osteocytes)
Bone growth- Pediatric bone growth - ANSWER Epiphyseal plate: Cartilage layer
between diaphysis and epiphysis of long bones.
Epiphyseal line: in adults after the plate has become ossified.
Remodeling in the plate promotes longitudinal growth until the plates close at some point in
adolescence.
Substances needed for bone growth - ANSWER Calcium, phosphate, vitamin D
Small amounts of Na, Mg, and potassium carbonate
Alkaline phosphatase (alk phos)
Parathyroid hormone breaks down bone and works against growth.
High Serum Alk Phos Differential Diagnoses - ANSWER Bone metastases (increased
osteoblast activity)
Paget's disease (increased osteoblast activity)
Biliary obstruction
Excess vitamin D
Hyperparathyroidism
Joint Classification by structure-
1. Fibrous (synarthroses)
2. Cartilaginous (amphiarthroses)
3. Synovial (diarthroses) - ANSWER 1. Mostly stability, very little movement; skull
sutures
2. Limited movement; intravertebral joints
3. Greatest movement; limb joints. Articular cartilage covers ends of synovial joint bones.
Held together by articular (fibrous) capsule and surrounded by ligaments, tendons, and
3
