NUR 2058 DIMENSIONS OF NURSING FINAL
EXAM FINAL PREPARATION MANUAL 2026
◉ What are the basic steps in the body's inflammatory response to
infection? Answer: Recognition of harm
Activation of the inflammatory pathway
Release of inflammatory markers
Recruitment of inflammatory cells
◉ Give an example of a Health Care-Associated Infection (HAI).
Answer: Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection (CLABSI)
Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection (CAUTI)
Surgical Site Infection (SSI)
Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP)
◉ Name the 5 basic senses Answer: Visual (sight)
Auditory (hearing)
Tactile (touch)
Olfactory (smell)
Gustatory (taste)
,◉ What is the main difference between a complete bed bath and a
partial bed bath? Answer: In a complete bed bath, the nurse
provides full bathing care. In a partial bed bath, the patient handles
some parts of the bath independently.
◉ What are the main structures of the respiratory system? Answer:
Airways, lungs, muscles of breathing (diaphragm & intercostals),
blood vessels, & alveoli
◉ What makes up the upper airway? Answer: Nose & nasal cavity
Pharynx (throat)
Larynx (voice box)
Epiglottis
◉ What makes up the lower airway? Answer: Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
◉ What is oxygenation? Answer: How oxygen enters the lungs &
moves into the blood
◉ What is perfusion? Answer: How oxygen-rich blood reaches the
tissues
,◉ Pulmonary ventilation involves 2 processes. What are they?
Answer: Inhalation (inspiration)
Exhalation (expiration)
◉ What is the abbreviation for ventilation/perfusion ratio? Answer:
V/Q
◉ Ideal V/Q ratio is 1:1. What is occurring if there is Low V/Q or
High V/Q? What could the clinical impact be? Answer: Low V/Q -
Blood flows but not enough air (ie pneumonia, atelectasis)
High V/Q - Air flows but not enough blood (ie pulmonary embolism)
Mismatches reduce oxygenation & can lead to hypoxia
◉ Common conditions affecting respiratory function include:
Answer: Atelectasis
Pneumonia
Pulmonary embolism (PE)
Hypoxia
Hypoxemia
Hypoventilation
, Dyspnea
Tachypnea
◉ How does blood become oxygenated in pulmonary circulation?
Answer: 1. Deoxygenated blood returns from the body to the R
atrium
2. It moves into the R ventricle, which pumps it into the pulmonary
arteries
3. Blood travels to the lungs where it reaches the alveolar capillaries
4. Gas exchange occurs
5. Oxygenated blood returns to the L atrium via pulmonary veins
6. From there, it enters the L ventricle & is pumped to the rest of the
body
◉ Action of the pulmonary arteries Answer: • Carry: Deoxygenated
blood
• Direction: From the heart → to the lungs• Function: They deliver
oxygen-poor blood from the R ventricle of the heart to the lungs,
where the blood picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide.
◉ Action of the pulmonary veins Answer: • Carry: Oxygenated blood
• Direction: From the lungs → to the heart• Function: They return
oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart,
which then sends it to the rest of the body.
EXAM FINAL PREPARATION MANUAL 2026
◉ What are the basic steps in the body's inflammatory response to
infection? Answer: Recognition of harm
Activation of the inflammatory pathway
Release of inflammatory markers
Recruitment of inflammatory cells
◉ Give an example of a Health Care-Associated Infection (HAI).
Answer: Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection (CLABSI)
Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection (CAUTI)
Surgical Site Infection (SSI)
Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP)
◉ Name the 5 basic senses Answer: Visual (sight)
Auditory (hearing)
Tactile (touch)
Olfactory (smell)
Gustatory (taste)
,◉ What is the main difference between a complete bed bath and a
partial bed bath? Answer: In a complete bed bath, the nurse
provides full bathing care. In a partial bed bath, the patient handles
some parts of the bath independently.
◉ What are the main structures of the respiratory system? Answer:
Airways, lungs, muscles of breathing (diaphragm & intercostals),
blood vessels, & alveoli
◉ What makes up the upper airway? Answer: Nose & nasal cavity
Pharynx (throat)
Larynx (voice box)
Epiglottis
◉ What makes up the lower airway? Answer: Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
◉ What is oxygenation? Answer: How oxygen enters the lungs &
moves into the blood
◉ What is perfusion? Answer: How oxygen-rich blood reaches the
tissues
,◉ Pulmonary ventilation involves 2 processes. What are they?
Answer: Inhalation (inspiration)
Exhalation (expiration)
◉ What is the abbreviation for ventilation/perfusion ratio? Answer:
V/Q
◉ Ideal V/Q ratio is 1:1. What is occurring if there is Low V/Q or
High V/Q? What could the clinical impact be? Answer: Low V/Q -
Blood flows but not enough air (ie pneumonia, atelectasis)
High V/Q - Air flows but not enough blood (ie pulmonary embolism)
Mismatches reduce oxygenation & can lead to hypoxia
◉ Common conditions affecting respiratory function include:
Answer: Atelectasis
Pneumonia
Pulmonary embolism (PE)
Hypoxia
Hypoxemia
Hypoventilation
, Dyspnea
Tachypnea
◉ How does blood become oxygenated in pulmonary circulation?
Answer: 1. Deoxygenated blood returns from the body to the R
atrium
2. It moves into the R ventricle, which pumps it into the pulmonary
arteries
3. Blood travels to the lungs where it reaches the alveolar capillaries
4. Gas exchange occurs
5. Oxygenated blood returns to the L atrium via pulmonary veins
6. From there, it enters the L ventricle & is pumped to the rest of the
body
◉ Action of the pulmonary arteries Answer: • Carry: Deoxygenated
blood
• Direction: From the heart → to the lungs• Function: They deliver
oxygen-poor blood from the R ventricle of the heart to the lungs,
where the blood picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide.
◉ Action of the pulmonary veins Answer: • Carry: Oxygenated blood
• Direction: From the lungs → to the heart• Function: They return
oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart,
which then sends it to the rest of the body.
