EXAM SUCCESS AND REVISION GUIDE 2026
◉ clinical judgement. Answer: depends on knowing the patient,
understanding his or her concerns, preferences, the history, the
illness as well as the best scientific knowledge.
◉ SBAR. Answer: consistent, clear, structured, and easy to use
method of communication between healthcare personnel; it
organizes communication by the categories of: Situation,
Background, Assessment, and Recommendations
◉ orientation phase. Answer: a verbal agreement between patients
and nurses to work together to solve problems. The goal is to ground
the relationship in trust, follow through, enthusiastic care, and
respect of confidentiality.
◉ working phase. Answer: performs additional client assessment,
analyzes the resulting data, and modifies the plan of care as needed.
Nursing interventions are implemented and expected nursing
outcomes are defined. Nurse presents information and validates and
clarifies the patient's understanding.
◉ termination phase. Answer: occurs near the end of the
relationship. This phase varies depending upon the length of the
,relationship, the meaning assigned to the relationship, and the
extent to which outcomes were achieved.
◉ interpersonal communication. Answer: occurs between two or
more people with a goal to exchange a message.
◉ dysarthria. Answer: speech disorders that result from a
disturbance of motor control, weakness, paralysis, or incoordination
of the oral muscular. Patients have normal comprehension and no
problems with word selection. There is difficulty in saying the word
precisely, using appropriate stress, loudness, pitch, and control.
◉ roy adaptation model. Answer: concepts include the adaptive
systems, four adaptive modes with process for adaptation, and
internal coping process.
◉ self concept mode. Answer: needs → psychic and spiritual
integrity. Composite of beliefs and feelings that one holds about
oneself at a given time formed from internal perceptions and
perceptions of others' reactions.
◉ physiological mode. Answer: needs include → oxygenation,
nutrition, elimination, activity and rest, and protection. The
processes for these needs include → senses, fluid and electrolytes,
neurological function, and endocrine function
, ◉ role function mode. Answer: underlying need for social integrity,
the need to know who one is in relation to others so that one can act
◉ interdependence adaptative mode. Answer: underlying need of
relational integrity. This focuses on interactions related to giving and
receiving love, respect, and value. Significant others and support
system are important
◉ environment. Answer: 3 stimuli → focal (what patient is feeling
right now), contextual (the meaning behind the feeling), and
residual (unclear)
◉ health. Answer: being and becoming whole and integrated
requires coping with changing environment. Assess integrated
compensatory compromised adaptation levels
◉ nursing. Answer: based on philosophical assumptions that direct
the nursing process. It focuses on goals to promote adaptation for
individuals and groups
◉ Veritivity. Answer: oneness that we all share, humans have a
reason to be here, unity but diverse, gives us self-identity