NUR401 FINAL EXAM PAPER 2026 QUESTIONS
WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
● What model of organizational change would be most likely to
prioritize changing nurses' feelings over presenting them with new
information?
A. The Transtheoretical Model of Health Behavior Change
B. Kotter and Cohen's Model of Change
C. The Change Curve Model
D. Diffusion of Innovations Model. Answer: B. Kotter and Cohen's
Model of Change
Rationale: Kotter and Cohen proposed that the key to organizational
change lies in helping people to feel differently (i.e., appealing to their
emotions). They assert that individuals change their behavior less when
they are given facts or analyses that change their thinking than when
they are shown truths that influence their feelings.
● T/F: A SCOT analysis helps clarify the goals and beliefs that underlie
a proposed change to EBP.. Answer: False
,Rationale: A SCOT analysis aids in the strategic planning for the
execution of proposed change. Identification of the goals and beliefs that
inform the change should take place prior to formal strategic planning.
● Feedback loops are a central component of which of the following
models for evidence-based practice change?
A. The Model for Evidence-Based Practice Change
B. The Clinical Scholar Model
C. The ARCC Model
D. The Iowa Model. Answer: D. The Iowa Model
Rationale: The Iowa Model includes multiple feedback loops that refer
the user back to earlier points in the process. This is not a central feature
of the ARCC Model, the Clinical Scholar Model, or The Model for
Evidence-Based Practice Change.
● T/F: Both The Model for Evidence-Based Practice Change and the
Iowa Model include the use of a small-scale pilot study during the
process of introducing an evidence-based change in practice.. Answer:
True
Rationale: Pilot studies are explicit components of both The Model for
Evidence-Based Practice Change and the Iowa Model.
,● When the Stetler Model is used to guide an evidence-based practice
change, which of the following activities will constitute the final phase
of the process?
A. Disseminating the results of the practice change
B. Publishing the findings that result from implementation
C. Evaluating the outcomes of the change in practice
D. Implementing a change in practice based on evidence. Answer: C.
Evaluating the outcomes of the change in practice
Rationale: The Stetler Model of Evidence-Based Practice culminates
with an evaluation of the change in practice. Dissemination is not
prescribed in the model and implementation does not form the "end
point" of the implementation process.
● T/F: Evidence-based clinical decision-making considers the
constraints of a patient's geographic location while a research utilization
(RU) model does not address this parameter.. Answer: True
Rationale: Evidence-based clinical decision-making takes into account
patient variables such as setting. RU is a more simplistic paradigm that
solely encompasses the findings of research.
● A rating scale asks patients to gauge their nausea by describing it as
"no nausea," "slightly nauseous," "significantly nauseous," or "severely
nauseous." This scale provides the nurse with data at what level?
, A. Nominal
B. Ordinal
C. Interval
D. Ratio. Answer: B. Ordinal
Rationale: Likert-type scales like the one presented provide ordinal level
data. Phenomena are scaled in an ascending manner, but it is not
possible to extrapolate insights from the data mathematically.
● Which of the following would be the best source for measuring the
outcomes related to a proposed change in the skills mix in the nursing
care at a hospital?
A. Finance
B. Human resources
C. Quality management
D. Administration. Answer: B. Human resources
Rationale: Human resource departments are a key source of data
surrounding skills mix, staffing levels, staff demographics, recruitment,
and retention. Departments such as finance, administration, and quality
management would be less likely to provide data on the current skills
mix at the hospital.
WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
● What model of organizational change would be most likely to
prioritize changing nurses' feelings over presenting them with new
information?
A. The Transtheoretical Model of Health Behavior Change
B. Kotter and Cohen's Model of Change
C. The Change Curve Model
D. Diffusion of Innovations Model. Answer: B. Kotter and Cohen's
Model of Change
Rationale: Kotter and Cohen proposed that the key to organizational
change lies in helping people to feel differently (i.e., appealing to their
emotions). They assert that individuals change their behavior less when
they are given facts or analyses that change their thinking than when
they are shown truths that influence their feelings.
● T/F: A SCOT analysis helps clarify the goals and beliefs that underlie
a proposed change to EBP.. Answer: False
,Rationale: A SCOT analysis aids in the strategic planning for the
execution of proposed change. Identification of the goals and beliefs that
inform the change should take place prior to formal strategic planning.
● Feedback loops are a central component of which of the following
models for evidence-based practice change?
A. The Model for Evidence-Based Practice Change
B. The Clinical Scholar Model
C. The ARCC Model
D. The Iowa Model. Answer: D. The Iowa Model
Rationale: The Iowa Model includes multiple feedback loops that refer
the user back to earlier points in the process. This is not a central feature
of the ARCC Model, the Clinical Scholar Model, or The Model for
Evidence-Based Practice Change.
● T/F: Both The Model for Evidence-Based Practice Change and the
Iowa Model include the use of a small-scale pilot study during the
process of introducing an evidence-based change in practice.. Answer:
True
Rationale: Pilot studies are explicit components of both The Model for
Evidence-Based Practice Change and the Iowa Model.
,● When the Stetler Model is used to guide an evidence-based practice
change, which of the following activities will constitute the final phase
of the process?
A. Disseminating the results of the practice change
B. Publishing the findings that result from implementation
C. Evaluating the outcomes of the change in practice
D. Implementing a change in practice based on evidence. Answer: C.
Evaluating the outcomes of the change in practice
Rationale: The Stetler Model of Evidence-Based Practice culminates
with an evaluation of the change in practice. Dissemination is not
prescribed in the model and implementation does not form the "end
point" of the implementation process.
● T/F: Evidence-based clinical decision-making considers the
constraints of a patient's geographic location while a research utilization
(RU) model does not address this parameter.. Answer: True
Rationale: Evidence-based clinical decision-making takes into account
patient variables such as setting. RU is a more simplistic paradigm that
solely encompasses the findings of research.
● A rating scale asks patients to gauge their nausea by describing it as
"no nausea," "slightly nauseous," "significantly nauseous," or "severely
nauseous." This scale provides the nurse with data at what level?
, A. Nominal
B. Ordinal
C. Interval
D. Ratio. Answer: B. Ordinal
Rationale: Likert-type scales like the one presented provide ordinal level
data. Phenomena are scaled in an ascending manner, but it is not
possible to extrapolate insights from the data mathematically.
● Which of the following would be the best source for measuring the
outcomes related to a proposed change in the skills mix in the nursing
care at a hospital?
A. Finance
B. Human resources
C. Quality management
D. Administration. Answer: B. Human resources
Rationale: Human resource departments are a key source of data
surrounding skills mix, staffing levels, staff demographics, recruitment,
and retention. Departments such as finance, administration, and quality
management would be less likely to provide data on the current skills
mix at the hospital.
