NUR401 EXAMINATION TEST PAPER 2026
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
● Initiation of Respiration: Respiratory Center Stimulation. Answer:
Chemical: decreased oxygen and pH, increased CO2 stimulates the
respiratory center
Mechanical: release of thoracic pressure from exiting the birth canal
provides negative pressure to initiate respiration
Thermal: exposure to decreased temperature upon delivery
Sensory: dry/warm rubbing the infant
● What is an expected respiratory finding in a freshly born neonate?.
Answer: Moist lung sounds
● Cardiovascular Adaptations. Answer: Increased oxygen and shifts in
pressure facilitate the closure of fetal blood vessels
Ductus arteriosus: gradual closure from hours to days from increased
oxygen
Foramen Ovale: cord clamping increases left ventricular pressure,
preventing right ventricular to left ventricular shunting
Ductus Venosus: closes within 1-2 weeks of life
,● What can cause the Foramen Ovale to stay open?. Answer: Pulmonary
Hypertension, Asphyxia
● What are causes of infant heat loss?. Answer: little subcutaneous fat,
blood vessels close to the surface, large skin surface area
● Methods of heat loss. Answer: Evaporation, Conduction, Convection,
Radiation
● Evaporation. Answer: Moisture on the skin air drys
Dry the infant immediately upon delivery
● Conduction. Answer: pulling heat away from the body by putting skin
in contact with a cold surface (ex. stethoscope, scale)
Warm surfaces before use
● Convection. Answer: transfer of heat occurring through moving air
place infant in a warm, draft free room
, ● Radiation. Answer: transfer of heat to a cooler object that is not in
direct contact
Keep infants away from windows
● Thermogenesis of the Infant. Answer: restlessness, crying, flexion,
increased metabolism, increased activity, vasoconstriction, brown fat
(nonshivering thermogenesis)
● Cold Stress. Answer: respiratory distress, hypoglycemia, decreased
surfactant, acidosis, jaundice
● Hematologic Adaptation. Answer: Increased RBC turnover and
increased H+H in the neonate
Leukocytosis is a typical finding in newborns
Clotting: lack of gut microbiome to produce vitamin K for clotting
factors; give vitamin K to prevent hemorrhagic disease of the newborn
● Infant signs of infection. Answer: Decreased WBC count and
temperature
● Gastrointestinal Adaptations. Answer: Stomach has a capacity of
6mL/kg at birth
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
● Initiation of Respiration: Respiratory Center Stimulation. Answer:
Chemical: decreased oxygen and pH, increased CO2 stimulates the
respiratory center
Mechanical: release of thoracic pressure from exiting the birth canal
provides negative pressure to initiate respiration
Thermal: exposure to decreased temperature upon delivery
Sensory: dry/warm rubbing the infant
● What is an expected respiratory finding in a freshly born neonate?.
Answer: Moist lung sounds
● Cardiovascular Adaptations. Answer: Increased oxygen and shifts in
pressure facilitate the closure of fetal blood vessels
Ductus arteriosus: gradual closure from hours to days from increased
oxygen
Foramen Ovale: cord clamping increases left ventricular pressure,
preventing right ventricular to left ventricular shunting
Ductus Venosus: closes within 1-2 weeks of life
,● What can cause the Foramen Ovale to stay open?. Answer: Pulmonary
Hypertension, Asphyxia
● What are causes of infant heat loss?. Answer: little subcutaneous fat,
blood vessels close to the surface, large skin surface area
● Methods of heat loss. Answer: Evaporation, Conduction, Convection,
Radiation
● Evaporation. Answer: Moisture on the skin air drys
Dry the infant immediately upon delivery
● Conduction. Answer: pulling heat away from the body by putting skin
in contact with a cold surface (ex. stethoscope, scale)
Warm surfaces before use
● Convection. Answer: transfer of heat occurring through moving air
place infant in a warm, draft free room
, ● Radiation. Answer: transfer of heat to a cooler object that is not in
direct contact
Keep infants away from windows
● Thermogenesis of the Infant. Answer: restlessness, crying, flexion,
increased metabolism, increased activity, vasoconstriction, brown fat
(nonshivering thermogenesis)
● Cold Stress. Answer: respiratory distress, hypoglycemia, decreased
surfactant, acidosis, jaundice
● Hematologic Adaptation. Answer: Increased RBC turnover and
increased H+H in the neonate
Leukocytosis is a typical finding in newborns
Clotting: lack of gut microbiome to produce vitamin K for clotting
factors; give vitamin K to prevent hemorrhagic disease of the newborn
● Infant signs of infection. Answer: Decreased WBC count and
temperature
● Gastrointestinal Adaptations. Answer: Stomach has a capacity of
6mL/kg at birth
