NURS 212
NURS 212 Exam 4 Study Questions
and Answers 2026
1
Which kidney is lower?
The right kidney slightly lower than left
2
What is the outermost layer of the kidney?
The outermost layer of the kidney is the cortex
3
What part of the nephron filters urine?
Bowman's capsule filters urine
4
What is the functional unit of the kidney?
The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron, which forms urine
5
What do the kidneys do with renin and extracellular fluid?
- Renin secretion
- Regulation of volume and composition of extracellular fluid
6
What does aldosterone do?
Increases sodium reabsorption from the renal tubular fluid
7
What does renin do?
The renal RENIN stimulates aldosterone release
8
What is the most accurate measure of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
Serum creatinine clearance
9
What are the 2 most common causes of chronic kidney disease?
Diabetes Mellitus I/II
NURS 212
,NURS 212
10
What is the most important assessment value in monitoring the progression of declining
renal function?
Serum creatitine
11
What is the normal range of creatitine?
0.6-1.2 mg/dl
If 10% higher creatinine value, then u have 90% kidney damage
12
What is the onset, prognosis, and some s/s of acute renal failure?
- Sudden onset (hours to days)
- Reversible
- Severe (50%) mortality rate
- Causes uremia --> electrolyte imbalances
13
What is the onset, progression, S/S, and treatment for chronic renal failure?
- Slow progressive onset
- Loss of function precede lab abnormalities
- Lab abnormalities precede symptoms
- Vitamin D deficiency (vit. D is activated in the kidneys) --> osteodystrophy
- Acidosis, anemia
- Tx: administer erythropoietin
14
What are the differences in the 3 types of Acute Kidney Injuries (AKI)?
Prerenal
- Results from conditions that impair renal perfusion to kidneys.
- Example: GI flu, severe vomiting, dehydration = loss of extracellular fluid (ECV)
Postrenal
- Results from bilateral obstruction of urine flow
Intrinsic/Intrarenal
NURS 212
, NURS 212
- Results from primary damage to the kidney's renal tubules/glomeruli in which proteins
cross the glomerulus and are lost in the urine resulting in acute tubular necrosis (ATN)/
nephrotic syndrome
- Example: pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis
15
What causes glomerulonephritis?
Glomerulonephritis is an autoimmune (IgG) complex reaction
16
How do you diagnose renal failure?
- Blood tests: elevated (BUN, creatinine, K, PO4), decreased (Ca)
- UA (creatinine clearance elevated)
- Biopsy (ultrasound, xray)
17
Nephrotic syndrome S/S
- Proteinuria (>3-3.5 gr/day)
- Hypoalbuminemia
- Hyperlipidemia
- Edema
18
Hepatitis A
Onset: abrupt
Route: fecal-oral; inadequate hand washing
Incubation: 2-4 weeks
Carrier state: inadequate hand washing
Frequency of chronic liver disease: never
Liver damage: minimal
Vaccine: 95% availability; HAV vaccine
IgM diagnoses active infection
IgB indicates previous infection
Dx: elevated AST/ALT indicates current infection
19
Hepatitis B
Onset: 1-4 months
Route: body fluids: blood, saliva, semen
Incubation: 15 days to 6 months
NURS 212
NURS 212 Exam 4 Study Questions
and Answers 2026
1
Which kidney is lower?
The right kidney slightly lower than left
2
What is the outermost layer of the kidney?
The outermost layer of the kidney is the cortex
3
What part of the nephron filters urine?
Bowman's capsule filters urine
4
What is the functional unit of the kidney?
The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron, which forms urine
5
What do the kidneys do with renin and extracellular fluid?
- Renin secretion
- Regulation of volume and composition of extracellular fluid
6
What does aldosterone do?
Increases sodium reabsorption from the renal tubular fluid
7
What does renin do?
The renal RENIN stimulates aldosterone release
8
What is the most accurate measure of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
Serum creatinine clearance
9
What are the 2 most common causes of chronic kidney disease?
Diabetes Mellitus I/II
NURS 212
,NURS 212
10
What is the most important assessment value in monitoring the progression of declining
renal function?
Serum creatitine
11
What is the normal range of creatitine?
0.6-1.2 mg/dl
If 10% higher creatinine value, then u have 90% kidney damage
12
What is the onset, prognosis, and some s/s of acute renal failure?
- Sudden onset (hours to days)
- Reversible
- Severe (50%) mortality rate
- Causes uremia --> electrolyte imbalances
13
What is the onset, progression, S/S, and treatment for chronic renal failure?
- Slow progressive onset
- Loss of function precede lab abnormalities
- Lab abnormalities precede symptoms
- Vitamin D deficiency (vit. D is activated in the kidneys) --> osteodystrophy
- Acidosis, anemia
- Tx: administer erythropoietin
14
What are the differences in the 3 types of Acute Kidney Injuries (AKI)?
Prerenal
- Results from conditions that impair renal perfusion to kidneys.
- Example: GI flu, severe vomiting, dehydration = loss of extracellular fluid (ECV)
Postrenal
- Results from bilateral obstruction of urine flow
Intrinsic/Intrarenal
NURS 212
, NURS 212
- Results from primary damage to the kidney's renal tubules/glomeruli in which proteins
cross the glomerulus and are lost in the urine resulting in acute tubular necrosis (ATN)/
nephrotic syndrome
- Example: pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis
15
What causes glomerulonephritis?
Glomerulonephritis is an autoimmune (IgG) complex reaction
16
How do you diagnose renal failure?
- Blood tests: elevated (BUN, creatinine, K, PO4), decreased (Ca)
- UA (creatinine clearance elevated)
- Biopsy (ultrasound, xray)
17
Nephrotic syndrome S/S
- Proteinuria (>3-3.5 gr/day)
- Hypoalbuminemia
- Hyperlipidemia
- Edema
18
Hepatitis A
Onset: abrupt
Route: fecal-oral; inadequate hand washing
Incubation: 2-4 weeks
Carrier state: inadequate hand washing
Frequency of chronic liver disease: never
Liver damage: minimal
Vaccine: 95% availability; HAV vaccine
IgM diagnoses active infection
IgB indicates previous infection
Dx: elevated AST/ALT indicates current infection
19
Hepatitis B
Onset: 1-4 months
Route: body fluids: blood, saliva, semen
Incubation: 15 days to 6 months
NURS 212
