POS 3703 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026
Test of Statistical Significance - Answers Decides whether an observed relationship between an
independent and dependent variable exists in the population.
Measure of Association - Answers How well the independent variable works in explaining the
dependent variable.
Null Hypothesis - Answers In the population there is no relationship between the independent and
dependent variable.
Ho
Alternative Hypothesis - Answers HA
Type I Error - Answers When the researcher concludes that there is a relationship when there is none.
Type II Error - Answers When the researcher infers that there is no relationship when there is one.
.05 Level of Significance - Answers The minimum standard.
If the p-value for a correlation coefficient is .005 it is significant at - Answers 99% confidence.
Standard Error of the Difference - Answers 1.) Square each mean's standard error.
2.) Sum the squared errors.
3.) Take the square root of the sum.
Confidence Interval Approach - Answers Uses standard error to determine the smallest plausible
mean difference in the population.
P-Value Approach - Answers Determines the exact probability of obtaining the observed sample
difference under the assumption that the null hypothesis is correct.
Two-Tailed Test of Statistical Significance - Answers Finding the upper and lower limits of random
sampling error.
Test Statistic - Answers Tells us how many standard errors separate the sample difference from zero.
Chi-Square Test of Significance - Answers Helps determine statistical significance when using nominal
and ordinal level data.
x2
What are the two types of data x2 can be used in the analysis of relationships between variables? -
Answers Ordinal-level data and nominal level data.
Critical Value - Answers Marks the upper plausible boundary of random error and defines Ho's limit.
Proportional Reduction Error - Answers Prediction-based metric, varies in magnitude between 0 and
1.
Symmetric Measure Association - Answers Takes on the same value.
Asymmetric Measure of Association - Answers Models the independent variable as the causal variable
and the dependent variable as the effect.
Lambda - Answers Measures the strength of a relationship between two categorical variables.
Somers' dyx - Answers Gauges the strength of ordinal-level relationships.
Cramer's V - Answers Takes a value of between 0 (no relationship) and 1 (perfect relationship).
Concordant Pair - Answers Consistent with a positive relationship.
Discordant Pair - Answers Consistent with a negative relationship.
Tied Pair - Answers Has different values on the independent variable but the same value on the
dependent variable.
Correlation Analysis - Answers Produces Pearson's r, gauges direction and strength of a relationship
between two interval-level variables.
Regression Analysis - Answers Estimates the size of the effect of the independent variable on the
dependent variable.
Scatter Plot - Answers Independent variable (horizontal axis), dependent variable (vertical axis).
Pearson's Correlation Coefficient - Answers Determines the direction and strength of an interval level
relationship.
r
Correlation - Answers Tells us the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables.
Bivariate Regression - Answers Reveals the magnitude of the relationship.
Regression Equation - Answers y=a+b(x)
y - Answers The Dependent Variable
a - Answers The constant; y-intercept; value of y when x=0
b - Answers The slope; how much y changes for every unit increase in x
x - Answers The Independent Variable
Test of Statistical Significance - Answers Decides whether an observed relationship between an
independent and dependent variable exists in the population.
Measure of Association - Answers How well the independent variable works in explaining the
dependent variable.
Null Hypothesis - Answers In the population there is no relationship between the independent and
dependent variable.
Ho
Alternative Hypothesis - Answers HA
Type I Error - Answers When the researcher concludes that there is a relationship when there is none.
Type II Error - Answers When the researcher infers that there is no relationship when there is one.
.05 Level of Significance - Answers The minimum standard.
If the p-value for a correlation coefficient is .005 it is significant at - Answers 99% confidence.
Standard Error of the Difference - Answers 1.) Square each mean's standard error.
2.) Sum the squared errors.
3.) Take the square root of the sum.
Confidence Interval Approach - Answers Uses standard error to determine the smallest plausible
mean difference in the population.
P-Value Approach - Answers Determines the exact probability of obtaining the observed sample
difference under the assumption that the null hypothesis is correct.
Two-Tailed Test of Statistical Significance - Answers Finding the upper and lower limits of random
sampling error.
Test Statistic - Answers Tells us how many standard errors separate the sample difference from zero.
Chi-Square Test of Significance - Answers Helps determine statistical significance when using nominal
and ordinal level data.
x2
What are the two types of data x2 can be used in the analysis of relationships between variables? -
Answers Ordinal-level data and nominal level data.
Critical Value - Answers Marks the upper plausible boundary of random error and defines Ho's limit.
Proportional Reduction Error - Answers Prediction-based metric, varies in magnitude between 0 and
1.
Symmetric Measure Association - Answers Takes on the same value.
Asymmetric Measure of Association - Answers Models the independent variable as the causal variable
and the dependent variable as the effect.
Lambda - Answers Measures the strength of a relationship between two categorical variables.
Somers' dyx - Answers Gauges the strength of ordinal-level relationships.
Cramer's V - Answers Takes a value of between 0 (no relationship) and 1 (perfect relationship).
Concordant Pair - Answers Consistent with a positive relationship.
Discordant Pair - Answers Consistent with a negative relationship.
Tied Pair - Answers Has different values on the independent variable but the same value on the
dependent variable.
Correlation Analysis - Answers Produces Pearson's r, gauges direction and strength of a relationship
between two interval-level variables.
Regression Analysis - Answers Estimates the size of the effect of the independent variable on the
dependent variable.
Scatter Plot - Answers Independent variable (horizontal axis), dependent variable (vertical axis).
Pearson's Correlation Coefficient - Answers Determines the direction and strength of an interval level
relationship.
r
Correlation - Answers Tells us the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables.
Bivariate Regression - Answers Reveals the magnitude of the relationship.
Regression Equation - Answers y=a+b(x)
y - Answers The Dependent Variable
a - Answers The constant; y-intercept; value of y when x=0
b - Answers The slope; how much y changes for every unit increase in x
x - Answers The Independent Variable
