BIOL 252 Human Anatomy & Physiology II w/Lab |
Module 5 Exam Review 50+ Questions and Answers -
Summary | LockDown Browser | Portage Learning
Hypothalamus and Pituitary
1. In a patient with central diabetes insipidus presenting with polydipsia and
polyuria, consider the neurohypophyseal anatomy. Referring to the image
below, which structure, labeled as the posterior lobe connected via the
infundibulum to the hypothalamus, stores and releases antidiuretic
hormone (ADH) synthesized in supraoptic nuclei, and how does a mutation
in the vasopressin gene lead to familial autosomal dominant DI through
misfolded protein accumulation and neuronal degeneration?
,courses.lumenlearning.com
Brain | Biology for Majors II
a. Anterior pituitary; ACTH deficiency causing hyponatremia
b. Posterior pituitary; impaired aquaporin-2 insertion in collecting ducts
c. Hypothalamus; CRH oversecretion leading to hypercortisolism
d. Pineal gland; melatonin disruption affecting circadian rhythms
Correct Answer :- b. Posterior pituitary; impaired aquaporin-2 insertion in
collecting ducts Explanation: The posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) is an
extension of the hypothalamus, storing ADH and oxytocin in Herring bodies.
Mutation causes ER stress, neuron loss, reducing ADH. Rotation: Contrast
nephrogenic DI (V2 receptor defect, X-linked or AR). Compare to SIADH (excess
ADH, hyponatremia). Clinically, water deprivation test shows urine osmolality
<300 mOsm/kg; desmopressin responsive.
2. A 35-year-old with acromegaly shows elevated IGF-1. Histologically,
examining the pituitary (as in the image below), which cell type, labeled as
acidophilic cells in the pars distalis, secretes growth hormone (GH) under
GHRH stimulation, and how does a somatotroph adenoma cause bone
overgrowth through JAK-STAT signaling in hepatocytes promoting IGF-1?
,ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Figure, Histology of Pituitary Gland, Colloid,...] - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf
a. Basophils; ACTH excess leading to Cushing's
b. Acidophils; GH hypersecretion
c. Chromophobes; nonfunctional tumor compression
d. Corticotrophs; cortisol feedback failure
Correct Answer :- b. Acidophils; GH hypersecretion Explanation: Acidophils
(somatotrophs) produce GH; adenoma evades somatostatin inhibition. GH binds
receptor, dimerizes, activates JAK2/STAT5 for IGF-1 transcription. Rotation:
Childhood gigantism vs. adult acromegaly. Compare prolactinoma (lactotroph
acidophil). Clinically, OGTT suppression failure; octreotide suppresses;
transsphenoidal surgery.
3. Tracing the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system in the sagittal view
below, which vascular network, labeled connecting the median eminence
, to the anterior pituitary, transports releasing hormones like GnRH, and how
does a craniopharyngioma compress this leading to panhypopituitarism
through disrupted trophic hormone delivery?
shutterstock.com
Human Brain Anatomy Sagittal Section Infographic Stock Vector (Royalty Free)
2120248754 | Shutterstock
a. Arterial circle of Willis; direct blood supply blockage
b. Portal veins; hypothalamic factor transport interruption
c. Venous sinuses; CSF pressure increase
d. Capillary bed; local ischemia
Correct Answer :- b. Portal veins; hypothalamic factor transport interruption
Explanation: Portal system allows high-concentration delivery without dilution.
Module 5 Exam Review 50+ Questions and Answers -
Summary | LockDown Browser | Portage Learning
Hypothalamus and Pituitary
1. In a patient with central diabetes insipidus presenting with polydipsia and
polyuria, consider the neurohypophyseal anatomy. Referring to the image
below, which structure, labeled as the posterior lobe connected via the
infundibulum to the hypothalamus, stores and releases antidiuretic
hormone (ADH) synthesized in supraoptic nuclei, and how does a mutation
in the vasopressin gene lead to familial autosomal dominant DI through
misfolded protein accumulation and neuronal degeneration?
,courses.lumenlearning.com
Brain | Biology for Majors II
a. Anterior pituitary; ACTH deficiency causing hyponatremia
b. Posterior pituitary; impaired aquaporin-2 insertion in collecting ducts
c. Hypothalamus; CRH oversecretion leading to hypercortisolism
d. Pineal gland; melatonin disruption affecting circadian rhythms
Correct Answer :- b. Posterior pituitary; impaired aquaporin-2 insertion in
collecting ducts Explanation: The posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) is an
extension of the hypothalamus, storing ADH and oxytocin in Herring bodies.
Mutation causes ER stress, neuron loss, reducing ADH. Rotation: Contrast
nephrogenic DI (V2 receptor defect, X-linked or AR). Compare to SIADH (excess
ADH, hyponatremia). Clinically, water deprivation test shows urine osmolality
<300 mOsm/kg; desmopressin responsive.
2. A 35-year-old with acromegaly shows elevated IGF-1. Histologically,
examining the pituitary (as in the image below), which cell type, labeled as
acidophilic cells in the pars distalis, secretes growth hormone (GH) under
GHRH stimulation, and how does a somatotroph adenoma cause bone
overgrowth through JAK-STAT signaling in hepatocytes promoting IGF-1?
,ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Figure, Histology of Pituitary Gland, Colloid,...] - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf
a. Basophils; ACTH excess leading to Cushing's
b. Acidophils; GH hypersecretion
c. Chromophobes; nonfunctional tumor compression
d. Corticotrophs; cortisol feedback failure
Correct Answer :- b. Acidophils; GH hypersecretion Explanation: Acidophils
(somatotrophs) produce GH; adenoma evades somatostatin inhibition. GH binds
receptor, dimerizes, activates JAK2/STAT5 for IGF-1 transcription. Rotation:
Childhood gigantism vs. adult acromegaly. Compare prolactinoma (lactotroph
acidophil). Clinically, OGTT suppression failure; octreotide suppresses;
transsphenoidal surgery.
3. Tracing the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system in the sagittal view
below, which vascular network, labeled connecting the median eminence
, to the anterior pituitary, transports releasing hormones like GnRH, and how
does a craniopharyngioma compress this leading to panhypopituitarism
through disrupted trophic hormone delivery?
shutterstock.com
Human Brain Anatomy Sagittal Section Infographic Stock Vector (Royalty Free)
2120248754 | Shutterstock
a. Arterial circle of Willis; direct blood supply blockage
b. Portal veins; hypothalamic factor transport interruption
c. Venous sinuses; CSF pressure increase
d. Capillary bed; local ischemia
Correct Answer :- b. Portal veins; hypothalamic factor transport interruption
Explanation: Portal system allows high-concentration delivery without dilution.
