BIOL 252 Human Anatomy & Physiology II w/Lab | Final
Exam Review 75 Questions and Answers -Summary |
LockDown Browser | Portage Learning
75 High-Difficulty Practice Questions for BIOL 252 Final Exam
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM (Questions 1-10)
Question 1
A patient presents with weight loss, tachycardia, heat intolerance, and
exophthalmos. Laboratory tests reveal low TSH and elevated T3/T4. Which
condition is most consistent with these findings?
A) Primary hypothyroidism
B) Secondary hyperthyroidism
C) Graves' disease (primary hyperthyroidism)
D) Hashimoto's thyroiditis
Correct Answer :- C
Explanation: Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder causing primary
hyperthyroidism (low TSH due to negative feedback, high T3/T4). Exophthalmos is
characteristic. Primary hypothyroidism (A) would have high TSH, low T3/T4.
Secondary hyperthyroidism (B) would have high TSH and high T3/T4 (pituitary
tumor). Hashimoto's (D) causes hypothyroidism.
Question 2
A patient with chronic kidney disease has decreased production of erythropoietin.
Which laboratory finding would be expected?
,A) Polycythemia
B) Anemia
C) Leukocytosis
D) Thrombocytosis
Correct Answer :- B
Explanation: Erythropoietin (produced by kidneys) stimulates red blood cell
production. Decreased erythropoietin leads to anemia (normocytic,
normochromic). Polycythemia (A) is excess RBCs. Leukocytosis (C) is high WBCs.
Thrombocytosis (D) is high platelets.
Question 3
After a traumatic injury with significant blood loss, which hormone is released to
increase blood pressure and conserve sodium and water?
A) Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
B) Aldosterone
C) Calcitonin
D) Parathyroid hormone
Correct Answer :- B
Explanation: Aldosterone (from adrenal cortex) increases sodium reabsorption
and water retention, increasing blood volume and pressure. ANP (A) decreases
blood pressure. Calcitonin (C) lowers blood calcium. PTH (D) increases blood
calcium.
Question 4
A patient with diabetes insipidus would most likely exhibit which set of
symptoms?
A) Hyperglycemia, glycosuria, polydipsia
B) Polyuria, polydipsia with dilute urine, no glycosuria
C) Oliguria, edema, hypertension
D) Polyuria, polydipsia with concentrated urine, glycosuria
,Correct Answer :- B
Explanation: Diabetes insipidus results from ADH deficiency (central) or
insensitivity (nephrogenic), causing large volumes of dilute urine and
compensatory thirst. No glucose in urine. Option A describes diabetes mellitus.
Option C describes kidney failure. Option D describes diabetes mellitus with
concentrated urine? Actually DM has glycosuria and polyuria with glucose in
urine.
Question 5
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) acts to increase blood calcium by:
A) Increasing calcium excretion by kidneys
B) Stimulating osteoblast activity
C) Stimulating osteoclast activity, increasing intestinal calcium absorption, and
increasing renal calcium reabsorption
D) Decreasing calcitriol production
Correct Answer :- C
Explanation: PTH increases blood calcium by stimulating osteoclasts (bone
breakdown), increasing intestinal calcium absorption (via calcitriol activation), and
increasing renal calcium reabsorption. Option A would decrease blood calcium.
Option B (osteoblasts) build bone, lowering calcium. Option D is opposite (PTH
increases calcitriol).
Question 6
The hypophyseal portal system connects the:
A) Hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary
B) Hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary
C) Anterior pituitary to the posterior pituitary
D) Pituitary to the thyroid
Correct Answer :- B
Explanation: The hypophyseal portal system carries releasing/inhibiting hormones
, from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary. The posterior pituitary (A)
receives direct neural input. Options C and D are incorrect.
Question 7
A patient with Cushing's syndrome would likely exhibit:
A) Hypotension and hyponatremia
B) Hyperglycemia, hypertension, and central obesity
C) Hypoglycemia and weight loss
D) Hyperpigmentation and hyperkalemia
Correct Answer :- B
Explanation: Excess cortisol causes hyperglycemia, hypertension, central obesity
(truncal obesity, moon face, buffalo hump), and immunosuppression. Option A
describes Addison's disease. Option C describes adrenal insufficiency. Option D
describes Addison's (hyperpigmentation from ACTH, hyperkalemia from
aldosterone deficiency).
Question 8
Which hormone is correctly paired with its primary function?
A) Glucagon - decreases blood glucose
B) Insulin - increases blood glucose
C) Cortisol - increases blood glucose
D) Growth hormone - decreases protein synthesis
Correct Answer :- C
Explanation: Cortisol increases blood glucose (gluconeogenesis). Glucagon (A)
increases blood glucose. Insulin (B) decreases blood glucose. Growth hormone (D)
increases protein synthesis.
Question 9
The zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex produces:
Exam Review 75 Questions and Answers -Summary |
LockDown Browser | Portage Learning
75 High-Difficulty Practice Questions for BIOL 252 Final Exam
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM (Questions 1-10)
Question 1
A patient presents with weight loss, tachycardia, heat intolerance, and
exophthalmos. Laboratory tests reveal low TSH and elevated T3/T4. Which
condition is most consistent with these findings?
A) Primary hypothyroidism
B) Secondary hyperthyroidism
C) Graves' disease (primary hyperthyroidism)
D) Hashimoto's thyroiditis
Correct Answer :- C
Explanation: Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder causing primary
hyperthyroidism (low TSH due to negative feedback, high T3/T4). Exophthalmos is
characteristic. Primary hypothyroidism (A) would have high TSH, low T3/T4.
Secondary hyperthyroidism (B) would have high TSH and high T3/T4 (pituitary
tumor). Hashimoto's (D) causes hypothyroidism.
Question 2
A patient with chronic kidney disease has decreased production of erythropoietin.
Which laboratory finding would be expected?
,A) Polycythemia
B) Anemia
C) Leukocytosis
D) Thrombocytosis
Correct Answer :- B
Explanation: Erythropoietin (produced by kidneys) stimulates red blood cell
production. Decreased erythropoietin leads to anemia (normocytic,
normochromic). Polycythemia (A) is excess RBCs. Leukocytosis (C) is high WBCs.
Thrombocytosis (D) is high platelets.
Question 3
After a traumatic injury with significant blood loss, which hormone is released to
increase blood pressure and conserve sodium and water?
A) Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
B) Aldosterone
C) Calcitonin
D) Parathyroid hormone
Correct Answer :- B
Explanation: Aldosterone (from adrenal cortex) increases sodium reabsorption
and water retention, increasing blood volume and pressure. ANP (A) decreases
blood pressure. Calcitonin (C) lowers blood calcium. PTH (D) increases blood
calcium.
Question 4
A patient with diabetes insipidus would most likely exhibit which set of
symptoms?
A) Hyperglycemia, glycosuria, polydipsia
B) Polyuria, polydipsia with dilute urine, no glycosuria
C) Oliguria, edema, hypertension
D) Polyuria, polydipsia with concentrated urine, glycosuria
,Correct Answer :- B
Explanation: Diabetes insipidus results from ADH deficiency (central) or
insensitivity (nephrogenic), causing large volumes of dilute urine and
compensatory thirst. No glucose in urine. Option A describes diabetes mellitus.
Option C describes kidney failure. Option D describes diabetes mellitus with
concentrated urine? Actually DM has glycosuria and polyuria with glucose in
urine.
Question 5
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) acts to increase blood calcium by:
A) Increasing calcium excretion by kidneys
B) Stimulating osteoblast activity
C) Stimulating osteoclast activity, increasing intestinal calcium absorption, and
increasing renal calcium reabsorption
D) Decreasing calcitriol production
Correct Answer :- C
Explanation: PTH increases blood calcium by stimulating osteoclasts (bone
breakdown), increasing intestinal calcium absorption (via calcitriol activation), and
increasing renal calcium reabsorption. Option A would decrease blood calcium.
Option B (osteoblasts) build bone, lowering calcium. Option D is opposite (PTH
increases calcitriol).
Question 6
The hypophyseal portal system connects the:
A) Hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary
B) Hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary
C) Anterior pituitary to the posterior pituitary
D) Pituitary to the thyroid
Correct Answer :- B
Explanation: The hypophyseal portal system carries releasing/inhibiting hormones
, from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary. The posterior pituitary (A)
receives direct neural input. Options C and D are incorrect.
Question 7
A patient with Cushing's syndrome would likely exhibit:
A) Hypotension and hyponatremia
B) Hyperglycemia, hypertension, and central obesity
C) Hypoglycemia and weight loss
D) Hyperpigmentation and hyperkalemia
Correct Answer :- B
Explanation: Excess cortisol causes hyperglycemia, hypertension, central obesity
(truncal obesity, moon face, buffalo hump), and immunosuppression. Option A
describes Addison's disease. Option C describes adrenal insufficiency. Option D
describes Addison's (hyperpigmentation from ACTH, hyperkalemia from
aldosterone deficiency).
Question 8
Which hormone is correctly paired with its primary function?
A) Glucagon - decreases blood glucose
B) Insulin - increases blood glucose
C) Cortisol - increases blood glucose
D) Growth hormone - decreases protein synthesis
Correct Answer :- C
Explanation: Cortisol increases blood glucose (gluconeogenesis). Glucagon (A)
increases blood glucose. Insulin (B) decreases blood glucose. Growth hormone (D)
increases protein synthesis.
Question 9
The zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex produces:
