Immunohematology assignment
Stem cell to RBC
1
, 1. Introduction
At the single-cell level, stem cells (SC) are cells that have the ability to self-renew
again and produce clonal offspring that have the same properties as parent cells
and ability to undergo differention to all blood cell line. In terms of their capacity
for self-renewal and proliferation, the majority of stem cells are quite diverse
(Weissman, 2000) (Bernitz et al., 2016). However, SC self-renewal ability is
controlled by a highly orchestrated integration of environmental signals that come
from the stem cell niche and happens in a cell-autonomous manner (Bonnet,
2002) (Hsu and Fuchs, 2012). Adult HSC self-renewal is influenced by a number
of embryonic pathways that are mediated by BMPs, fibroblast growth factors,
delta-like, Wnt proteins, and PGE2 (North et al., 2007)(Sturgeon et al., 2014).
Additionally, substances like Wnt3A and angiopoietin-like factors can also
enhance self-renewal ability (Reya et al., 2003)(Zhang et al., 2006). Furthermore,
Hematopoetic stem cells (HSCs) are widely regarded as the foundation of the
adult hematological system, performing the critical function of long-term
maintenance and generation of all mature blood cell lineages throughout an
organism's lifespan (Ramalho-Santos and Willenbring, 2007). HSCs are
multipotent cells that can differentiate into progenitors of all blood cells,
including red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC), platelets (PLT), and
all lymphocyte subtypes (Akimov et al., 2005). The onset of differentiation is
related with the loss of self-renewal and the formation of separate multipotent,
oligopotent, and finally unipotent progenitor cell stages (Chao, Seita and
Weissman, 2008)(Notta et al., 2016).
1.1 Stem cell biology:
Blastocyst is created following the fusion of sperm and ovum. The inner cell mass
(ICM), which transforms into epiblasts and triggers the development of a fetus,
and the trophectoderm (TE) are the two separate cell types that make up a
blastocyst (Sukoyan et al., 1993). ICM microenvironment regulation is carried
out by blastocysts. The TE keeps growing and creates the extraembryonic support
structures, such the placenta, that are necessary for the embryo to develop
successfully (Larijani et al., 2012). The ICM cells are still undifferentiated,
completely pluripotent, and proliferative as the TE starts to develop a specific
support structure (Zakrzewski et al., 2019). The ICM is where human embryonic
stem cells (hESCs) are derived. Endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm, three
groups of cells known as germ layers during embryogenesis, eventually give rise
to distinct cells and tissues of the fetus and, later, the adult organism (Kyba,
Perlingeiro and Daley, 2002). HESCs become multipotent stem cells, whose
potency is restricted to only the cells of the germ layer, after differentiating into
one of the germ layers (Colter, Sekiya and Prockop, 2001). Following that,
undifferentiated pluripotent stem cells are found throughout the organism and
have the ability to proliferate by giving rise to the following generation of stem
cells as well as differentiate into different types of cells under specific
physiological conditions (Dzierzak and Speck, 2008). External signals, such as
2
Stem cell to RBC
1
, 1. Introduction
At the single-cell level, stem cells (SC) are cells that have the ability to self-renew
again and produce clonal offspring that have the same properties as parent cells
and ability to undergo differention to all blood cell line. In terms of their capacity
for self-renewal and proliferation, the majority of stem cells are quite diverse
(Weissman, 2000) (Bernitz et al., 2016). However, SC self-renewal ability is
controlled by a highly orchestrated integration of environmental signals that come
from the stem cell niche and happens in a cell-autonomous manner (Bonnet,
2002) (Hsu and Fuchs, 2012). Adult HSC self-renewal is influenced by a number
of embryonic pathways that are mediated by BMPs, fibroblast growth factors,
delta-like, Wnt proteins, and PGE2 (North et al., 2007)(Sturgeon et al., 2014).
Additionally, substances like Wnt3A and angiopoietin-like factors can also
enhance self-renewal ability (Reya et al., 2003)(Zhang et al., 2006). Furthermore,
Hematopoetic stem cells (HSCs) are widely regarded as the foundation of the
adult hematological system, performing the critical function of long-term
maintenance and generation of all mature blood cell lineages throughout an
organism's lifespan (Ramalho-Santos and Willenbring, 2007). HSCs are
multipotent cells that can differentiate into progenitors of all blood cells,
including red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC), platelets (PLT), and
all lymphocyte subtypes (Akimov et al., 2005). The onset of differentiation is
related with the loss of self-renewal and the formation of separate multipotent,
oligopotent, and finally unipotent progenitor cell stages (Chao, Seita and
Weissman, 2008)(Notta et al., 2016).
1.1 Stem cell biology:
Blastocyst is created following the fusion of sperm and ovum. The inner cell mass
(ICM), which transforms into epiblasts and triggers the development of a fetus,
and the trophectoderm (TE) are the two separate cell types that make up a
blastocyst (Sukoyan et al., 1993). ICM microenvironment regulation is carried
out by blastocysts. The TE keeps growing and creates the extraembryonic support
structures, such the placenta, that are necessary for the embryo to develop
successfully (Larijani et al., 2012). The ICM cells are still undifferentiated,
completely pluripotent, and proliferative as the TE starts to develop a specific
support structure (Zakrzewski et al., 2019). The ICM is where human embryonic
stem cells (hESCs) are derived. Endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm, three
groups of cells known as germ layers during embryogenesis, eventually give rise
to distinct cells and tissues of the fetus and, later, the adult organism (Kyba,
Perlingeiro and Daley, 2002). HESCs become multipotent stem cells, whose
potency is restricted to only the cells of the germ layer, after differentiating into
one of the germ layers (Colter, Sekiya and Prockop, 2001). Following that,
undifferentiated pluripotent stem cells are found throughout the organism and
have the ability to proliferate by giving rise to the following generation of stem
cells as well as differentiate into different types of cells under specific
physiological conditions (Dzierzak and Speck, 2008). External signals, such as
2
