UCSB EEMB 2 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS GRADED A+ 2025/2026
Evolution - ANS the process by which different kinds of living organisms are thought to have
developed and diversified from earlier forms during the history of the earth
Lamarck - ANS -invertebrate zoology
-first comprehensive theory of evolution - use/disuse model (giraffes)
-inheritance of acquired characteristics
-importance of environments
Lyell - ANS "Principles of Geology"
-countless small changes occurring over vast periods of time, all according to known natural
laws
-earth is ancient and develops slowly
Malthus - ANS -pop growth will always overtake the food supply
Cuvier - ANS comparative anatomy and extinction
1 @COPYRIGHT 2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, Hardy-Weinberg principle - ANS -Allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain
constant from gen to gen in the absence of other evolutionary influences
To remain at H-W equilibrium - ANS 1. large breeding pop
2. random mating
3. no change in allele freq due to mutation
4. no immigration or emigration
5. no natural selection
general equation to calculate individual allele frequencies in a two-allele system (H-W) -
ANS freqB = p = (2N[BB] + N[Bb])/2N
*Bb will never be greater than 50%
Effective population size - ANS size of population that can mate
Extinction vortex - ANS mutual reinforcement occurs among biotic + abiotic processes that
drives a population to extinction
Gene flow - ANS transfer of genetic variation from one pop to another
mutational metdown - ANS accumulation of harmful mutations in a small pop --> loss of
fitness + decline in pop size
-caused by genetic drift
negative/positive assortative mating - ANS neg: avoid mating with similar individuals
pos: opposite ^
2 @COPYRIGHT 2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
AND ANSWERS GRADED A+ 2025/2026
Evolution - ANS the process by which different kinds of living organisms are thought to have
developed and diversified from earlier forms during the history of the earth
Lamarck - ANS -invertebrate zoology
-first comprehensive theory of evolution - use/disuse model (giraffes)
-inheritance of acquired characteristics
-importance of environments
Lyell - ANS "Principles of Geology"
-countless small changes occurring over vast periods of time, all according to known natural
laws
-earth is ancient and develops slowly
Malthus - ANS -pop growth will always overtake the food supply
Cuvier - ANS comparative anatomy and extinction
1 @COPYRIGHT 2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, Hardy-Weinberg principle - ANS -Allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain
constant from gen to gen in the absence of other evolutionary influences
To remain at H-W equilibrium - ANS 1. large breeding pop
2. random mating
3. no change in allele freq due to mutation
4. no immigration or emigration
5. no natural selection
general equation to calculate individual allele frequencies in a two-allele system (H-W) -
ANS freqB = p = (2N[BB] + N[Bb])/2N
*Bb will never be greater than 50%
Effective population size - ANS size of population that can mate
Extinction vortex - ANS mutual reinforcement occurs among biotic + abiotic processes that
drives a population to extinction
Gene flow - ANS transfer of genetic variation from one pop to another
mutational metdown - ANS accumulation of harmful mutations in a small pop --> loss of
fitness + decline in pop size
-caused by genetic drift
negative/positive assortative mating - ANS neg: avoid mating with similar individuals
pos: opposite ^
2 @COPYRIGHT 2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
