MSN 570 PROFESSORS NOTES MIDTERM
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2026 FINAL PAPER FULL
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◉ Tertiary level of prevention. Answer: -supports optimal
functioning
-prevents long term consequences of a chronic illness or disability
ex: preventing pressure ulcer, promoting independence after brain
injury
◉ Examples of tertiary prevention. Answer: rehabilitation after
brain injury, surgery to correct chronic or recurring illness,
medication to prevent chronic symptoms
◉ 3 stages of adaptation (GAS). Answer: alarm reaction, stage of
resistance, stage of exhaustion
◉ adaptation/resistance stage. Answer: trying to return to
homeotasis
◉ alarm stage. Answer: fight or flight response
reduced resistance to stressors
,release catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) and
adrenocortical steroids (cortisol and aldostrone)
◉ exhaustion stage. Answer: cannot return to homeostasis, energy
sources depleted, disease process sets in and permanent symptoms
show up.
◉ where is fluid excreted?. Answer: skin(sweating), lungs(exhaling),
bowels, urine (largest amount from urine)
◉ Causes of extracellular fluid deficits. Answer: loss of total body
sodium-Vomiting, diarrhea, excessive sweating, burns, diuretics or
kidney failure.
◉ what is the electrolyte pool?. Answer: bone marrow reservoir for
calcium, magnesium and phosphate
◉ causes of edema. Answer: increased capillary hydrostatic
pressure, loss of plasma proteins, obstruction of lymphatic
circulation, increased capillary permeability
◉ Hypokalemia S/S. Answer: altered muscle function and
weakness,Abd distention, bloating, diminished bowels sounds,
constipation, Dysrhythmias, Flat T waves on ECG, hyper polarization
leads to less reactive to stimuli, postural hypo tension
, ◉ Hyperkalemia S/S. Answer: Mild cramping, hyperactive bowel
sounds, diarrhea, muscle weakness starting in lower extremities and
ascends, Bradycardia, Dysrhythmias, Tall T waves on ECG, Cardiac
arrest
◉ Hypocalcemia S/S. Answer: Diarrhea, Numbness, Tingling of
extremities and around mouth, Convulsions, Positive Chvostek sign,
Positive Trousseau sign, painful cramps ('charlie horses')
Brady, brittle bones,
◉ Hypercalcemia S/S. Answer: Muscle weakness, Constipation,
Anorexia, N/V, Polyuria, confusion, increased HR and BP,
Dysrhythmias, blood clots form easily, risk for DVT
◉ Hyponatremia S/S. Answer: hyperactive bowel sounds, Weakness,
Lethargy, Confusion, Muscle cramps, Twitching, Seizures, Coma,
Death
◉ Hypernatremia S/S. Answer: S = Skin flushed
A = Agitation
L = Low-grade fever
T = Thirst
eye twitching
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2026 FINAL PAPER FULL
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◉ Tertiary level of prevention. Answer: -supports optimal
functioning
-prevents long term consequences of a chronic illness or disability
ex: preventing pressure ulcer, promoting independence after brain
injury
◉ Examples of tertiary prevention. Answer: rehabilitation after
brain injury, surgery to correct chronic or recurring illness,
medication to prevent chronic symptoms
◉ 3 stages of adaptation (GAS). Answer: alarm reaction, stage of
resistance, stage of exhaustion
◉ adaptation/resistance stage. Answer: trying to return to
homeotasis
◉ alarm stage. Answer: fight or flight response
reduced resistance to stressors
,release catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) and
adrenocortical steroids (cortisol and aldostrone)
◉ exhaustion stage. Answer: cannot return to homeostasis, energy
sources depleted, disease process sets in and permanent symptoms
show up.
◉ where is fluid excreted?. Answer: skin(sweating), lungs(exhaling),
bowels, urine (largest amount from urine)
◉ Causes of extracellular fluid deficits. Answer: loss of total body
sodium-Vomiting, diarrhea, excessive sweating, burns, diuretics or
kidney failure.
◉ what is the electrolyte pool?. Answer: bone marrow reservoir for
calcium, magnesium and phosphate
◉ causes of edema. Answer: increased capillary hydrostatic
pressure, loss of plasma proteins, obstruction of lymphatic
circulation, increased capillary permeability
◉ Hypokalemia S/S. Answer: altered muscle function and
weakness,Abd distention, bloating, diminished bowels sounds,
constipation, Dysrhythmias, Flat T waves on ECG, hyper polarization
leads to less reactive to stimuli, postural hypo tension
, ◉ Hyperkalemia S/S. Answer: Mild cramping, hyperactive bowel
sounds, diarrhea, muscle weakness starting in lower extremities and
ascends, Bradycardia, Dysrhythmias, Tall T waves on ECG, Cardiac
arrest
◉ Hypocalcemia S/S. Answer: Diarrhea, Numbness, Tingling of
extremities and around mouth, Convulsions, Positive Chvostek sign,
Positive Trousseau sign, painful cramps ('charlie horses')
Brady, brittle bones,
◉ Hypercalcemia S/S. Answer: Muscle weakness, Constipation,
Anorexia, N/V, Polyuria, confusion, increased HR and BP,
Dysrhythmias, blood clots form easily, risk for DVT
◉ Hyponatremia S/S. Answer: hyperactive bowel sounds, Weakness,
Lethargy, Confusion, Muscle cramps, Twitching, Seizures, Coma,
Death
◉ Hypernatremia S/S. Answer: S = Skin flushed
A = Agitation
L = Low-grade fever
T = Thirst
eye twitching
