MSN 570 PROFESSORS NOTES MIDTERM
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2026 FULL QUESTIONS
AND CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ What are 5 s/s of asthma. Answer: coughing
wheezing
shortness of breath
rapid breathing
chest tightness
◉ Pathophysiology of asthma (5). Answer: -airway inflammation,
bronchial hyper-reactivity and smooth muscle spasm
-excess mucus production and accumulation
-hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscle
-airflow obstruction
-decreased alveolar ventilation
◉ Bronchioles. Answer: smaller passageways that originate from the
bronchi that become the alveoli
◉ 3 layers of the bronchioles. Answer: innermost layer
middle layer - lamina propria
,outermost layer
◉ lamina propria. Answer: the middle layer of the bronchioles
◉ structure of the lamina propria. Answer: embedded with
connective tissue cells and immune cells
◉ purpose of the lamina propria. Answer: white blood cells are
present to help protect the airways
◉ How does the lamina propria effect the lungs in regards to
asthma. Answer: the WBCs protective feature goes into overdrive
causing an inflammatory response that damages host tissue
◉ What does the innermost layer of the bronchioles contain.
Answer: columnar epithelial ells and mucus producing goblet cells
◉ What does the outermost layer of the bronchioles contain.
Answer: smooth muscle cells
◉ what does the outermost layer of the bronchioles do. Answer:
control the airways ability to constrict and dilate
,◉ alveolar hyperinflation. Answer: When air is unable to move out
of the alveolar like it should due to bronchial walls collapsing around
possible mucus plug thus trapping air inside
◉ how does hyperinflation occur?. Answer: the ongoing
inflammatory process of asthma produces mucus and pus plug that
the bronchial walls collapse around
◉ Effect of hyperinflation of the alveolar. Answer: -expanded thorax
and hypercapnia (retention of CO2)
- respiratory acidosis
◉ What are two anticholinergic drugs used for asthma. Answer:
tiotropium and ipratropium
◉ What do anticholinergics do in the lungs?. Answer: These drugs
block the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system
- increasing bronchodilation
◉ MOA of anticholinergic drugs for asthma. Answer: the
parasympathetic system is stimulated by the vagal nerve to release
acetylcholine which binds to the cholinergic receptors of the
respiratory tract to cause bronchial constriction = decreased airflow
, - blocking the cholinergic receptors prevents acetylcholine binding
preventing the bronchial constriction
◉ bronchitis. Answer: inflammation of the bronchial tubes
◉ 3 characteristics of bronchitis. Answer: bronchial inflammation
hypersecretion of mucus
chronic productive cough for at least 3 consecutive months for at
least 2 successive years
◉ Perfusion. Answer: The supply of oxygen to and removal of wastes
from the cells and tissues of the body as a result of the flow of blood
through the capillaries.
◉ results of chronic bronchitis/ low perfusion. Answer: cyanosis
right to left shunting
chronic hypoxemia
◉ Why is there cyanosis with chronic bronchitis. Answer: there is
hypoxia due to unfavorable conditions for gas exchange
◉ Right to left shunting. Answer: when blood passes from the right
ventricle through the lungs and to the left ventricle without
perfusion
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2026 FULL QUESTIONS
AND CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ What are 5 s/s of asthma. Answer: coughing
wheezing
shortness of breath
rapid breathing
chest tightness
◉ Pathophysiology of asthma (5). Answer: -airway inflammation,
bronchial hyper-reactivity and smooth muscle spasm
-excess mucus production and accumulation
-hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscle
-airflow obstruction
-decreased alveolar ventilation
◉ Bronchioles. Answer: smaller passageways that originate from the
bronchi that become the alveoli
◉ 3 layers of the bronchioles. Answer: innermost layer
middle layer - lamina propria
,outermost layer
◉ lamina propria. Answer: the middle layer of the bronchioles
◉ structure of the lamina propria. Answer: embedded with
connective tissue cells and immune cells
◉ purpose of the lamina propria. Answer: white blood cells are
present to help protect the airways
◉ How does the lamina propria effect the lungs in regards to
asthma. Answer: the WBCs protective feature goes into overdrive
causing an inflammatory response that damages host tissue
◉ What does the innermost layer of the bronchioles contain.
Answer: columnar epithelial ells and mucus producing goblet cells
◉ What does the outermost layer of the bronchioles contain.
Answer: smooth muscle cells
◉ what does the outermost layer of the bronchioles do. Answer:
control the airways ability to constrict and dilate
,◉ alveolar hyperinflation. Answer: When air is unable to move out
of the alveolar like it should due to bronchial walls collapsing around
possible mucus plug thus trapping air inside
◉ how does hyperinflation occur?. Answer: the ongoing
inflammatory process of asthma produces mucus and pus plug that
the bronchial walls collapse around
◉ Effect of hyperinflation of the alveolar. Answer: -expanded thorax
and hypercapnia (retention of CO2)
- respiratory acidosis
◉ What are two anticholinergic drugs used for asthma. Answer:
tiotropium and ipratropium
◉ What do anticholinergics do in the lungs?. Answer: These drugs
block the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system
- increasing bronchodilation
◉ MOA of anticholinergic drugs for asthma. Answer: the
parasympathetic system is stimulated by the vagal nerve to release
acetylcholine which binds to the cholinergic receptors of the
respiratory tract to cause bronchial constriction = decreased airflow
, - blocking the cholinergic receptors prevents acetylcholine binding
preventing the bronchial constriction
◉ bronchitis. Answer: inflammation of the bronchial tubes
◉ 3 characteristics of bronchitis. Answer: bronchial inflammation
hypersecretion of mucus
chronic productive cough for at least 3 consecutive months for at
least 2 successive years
◉ Perfusion. Answer: The supply of oxygen to and removal of wastes
from the cells and tissues of the body as a result of the flow of blood
through the capillaries.
◉ results of chronic bronchitis/ low perfusion. Answer: cyanosis
right to left shunting
chronic hypoxemia
◉ Why is there cyanosis with chronic bronchitis. Answer: there is
hypoxia due to unfavorable conditions for gas exchange
◉ Right to left shunting. Answer: when blood passes from the right
ventricle through the lungs and to the left ventricle without
perfusion
