HRM 391 - FINAL (COMPLETE) EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
2025/2026
Define leadership - ANS A process by which a person demonstrates influence over others'
voluntary behaviors, in pursuit of goals
Trait-based leadership/Trait Theories - ANS The idea that certain individual traits predict
leadership emergence and effectiveness
- People/orgs can try to cultivate these traits
- More predictive of the appearance of leadership rather than actual leader effectiveness
- some traits do seem to help leaders be more effective
Limitations of Trait-based leadership theories - ANS - it puts people into boxes (are leaders
just born?)
- ignores the important role of the context (which traits are needed in which circumstances?)
- more predictive of the appearance of leadership than actual leader effectiveness
Trait-based leadership approaches - ANS - Intelligence (IQ & EQ)
- Big 5 Personality Traits (extraversion, conscientiousness, openness to experience)
- Self-Esteem
- Integrity
1 @COPYRIGHT 2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,Christ-centered Leader - ANS Invite accountability, express love, honor agency
God at the Top, Self at the Bottom
God's children & Stewardship on the sides
Theory X and Theory Y - ANS A theory of employees!
A motivation theory that suggests that management attitudes toward workers fall into two
opposing categories based on management assumptions about worker capabilities and values.
Theory X - ANS - They are lazy
- Do not enjoy working
- Avoid expending energy on work whenever possible
- Employees may need to be forced to work
- Managers of these employees may establish rigid work environments
Theory Y - ANS - They are driven
- They can enjoy work
- They will put effort into furthering organizational goals
- Allows employees autonomy from their managers and their managers help them become
committed to particular goals
- Managers of these employees tend to adopt a more supportive role, often focusing on
maintaining a work environment in which employees can be innovative and prosperous within
their roles
What is Transformational Leadership? - ANS A contemporary theory that "transforms"
employees to pursue organizational goals over personal self-interests
- inspire others to focus on objectives that transcend the more immediate needs of the work
group
2 @COPYRIGHT 2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, What are the benefits of transformational leadership? - ANS Higher employee engagement,
trust, commitment, and loyalty from followers vs transactional leadership
- Inspire others; have a vision
- Be an example; display integrity
- Care about and help others
- Stimulate critical thinking
- They are charismatic and can be trusted
4 elements/key sets of transformational leadership behaviors - ANS inspirational motivation
idealized influence
individual consideration
intellectual stimulation
Inspirational Motivation - ANS - inspire followers
- involves establishing an attractive vision of the future, the use of emotional arguments, and
exhibiting optimism and enthusiasm
Idealized Influence - ANS - Be an example to followers
- Includes sacrificing for the good of the group, being a role model, and displaying high ethical
standards
Individualized Consideration - ANS - Care about and help followers
3 @COPYRIGHT 2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
2025/2026
Define leadership - ANS A process by which a person demonstrates influence over others'
voluntary behaviors, in pursuit of goals
Trait-based leadership/Trait Theories - ANS The idea that certain individual traits predict
leadership emergence and effectiveness
- People/orgs can try to cultivate these traits
- More predictive of the appearance of leadership rather than actual leader effectiveness
- some traits do seem to help leaders be more effective
Limitations of Trait-based leadership theories - ANS - it puts people into boxes (are leaders
just born?)
- ignores the important role of the context (which traits are needed in which circumstances?)
- more predictive of the appearance of leadership than actual leader effectiveness
Trait-based leadership approaches - ANS - Intelligence (IQ & EQ)
- Big 5 Personality Traits (extraversion, conscientiousness, openness to experience)
- Self-Esteem
- Integrity
1 @COPYRIGHT 2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,Christ-centered Leader - ANS Invite accountability, express love, honor agency
God at the Top, Self at the Bottom
God's children & Stewardship on the sides
Theory X and Theory Y - ANS A theory of employees!
A motivation theory that suggests that management attitudes toward workers fall into two
opposing categories based on management assumptions about worker capabilities and values.
Theory X - ANS - They are lazy
- Do not enjoy working
- Avoid expending energy on work whenever possible
- Employees may need to be forced to work
- Managers of these employees may establish rigid work environments
Theory Y - ANS - They are driven
- They can enjoy work
- They will put effort into furthering organizational goals
- Allows employees autonomy from their managers and their managers help them become
committed to particular goals
- Managers of these employees tend to adopt a more supportive role, often focusing on
maintaining a work environment in which employees can be innovative and prosperous within
their roles
What is Transformational Leadership? - ANS A contemporary theory that "transforms"
employees to pursue organizational goals over personal self-interests
- inspire others to focus on objectives that transcend the more immediate needs of the work
group
2 @COPYRIGHT 2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, What are the benefits of transformational leadership? - ANS Higher employee engagement,
trust, commitment, and loyalty from followers vs transactional leadership
- Inspire others; have a vision
- Be an example; display integrity
- Care about and help others
- Stimulate critical thinking
- They are charismatic and can be trusted
4 elements/key sets of transformational leadership behaviors - ANS inspirational motivation
idealized influence
individual consideration
intellectual stimulation
Inspirational Motivation - ANS - inspire followers
- involves establishing an attractive vision of the future, the use of emotional arguments, and
exhibiting optimism and enthusiasm
Idealized Influence - ANS - Be an example to followers
- Includes sacrificing for the good of the group, being a role model, and displaying high ethical
standards
Individualized Consideration - ANS - Care about and help followers
3 @COPYRIGHT 2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
